Lowry war

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Henry Berry Lowry, leader of the Swamp Bandits and central figure in the Lowry War

The Lowry War or Lowrie War ( English : Lowry War or Lowrie War ) is considered to be one of the most controversial periods in the history of the state of North Carolina in the southeastern United States . The war, viewed more as a rebellion by today's standards, was led on the insurgent side by Henry Berry Lowry , a 17-year-old Native American from the Lumbee tribe . This led a group of Indians and African Americans from North Carolina from 1864 in a war that lasted until 1874 against the white upper class of the southern states . This rebellion was triggered by the personal, economic and social motives of those involved. In addition to the assassination of Allen and William Lowry by the Confederate vigilante group , these reasons included the discrimination and oppression by the white population and the poor supply situation for the socially disadvantaged classes during the final years of the Civil War .

During this time Lowry, his henchmen, known as "Swamp Bandits," and his wife, Rhoda Strong, became Robin Hood- style heroes in the eyes of the poor in Robeson County . The Lowry War played a central role in the self-confidence of the Indian and colored parts of the population of North Carolina in the 19th and 20th centuries, especially for the members of the Lumbee and Melungeon . Lowry's behavior during the war and his disappearance without a trace in 1872 led to the formation of a legend, in the context of which Lowry's positive commitment to the disadvantaged was increasingly stylized and the violence and bloodshed he triggered receded. While the wealthy white upper class disapproved of the transfiguration of his crimes in the past and viewed him as an ordinary criminal, the people of the rural areas of North Carolina revered those involved, above all Henry Berry Lowry, as a kind of folk hero to this day .

prehistory

In 1835, the North Carolina General Assembly passed a law prohibiting all “non-whites” from having their right to vote, as well as from possessing and carrying a weapon. In Robeson County, this law was strengthened several times through petitions and judicial decisions between 1835 and 1852. For the free African-Americans and Indians, who were also counted among the colored at the time, this had serious consequences, since they could neither defend themselves nor hunt without weapons. In the period that followed, white settlers took advantage of this fact and began staging incidents, the so-called " tied mules incidents" ( English for incidents with tethered mules ). The white farmers let their animals graze on the land of the Indians and then accused them of stealing the animals. As reparation and for the withdrawal of the complaint, the White demanded land or compulsory labor from the Indian landowners.

Two decades later, in 1860, North Carolina had a long history of slavery with about a third of the population being slaves of African descent, a smaller proportion than most of the rest of the Confederation. In addition, there was a remarkable proportion of free colored people in the population, around 30,000 people, mostly descendants of the settlers who immigrated from Virginia in the 18th century. Despite the initial attitude not to participate in the Civil War , the state joined the Confederate States in 1861 after Abraham Lincoln's call to invade the sister state of South Carolina . Thereupon soldiers were dug up and the expansion of the military installations began. 125,000 soldiers were recruited in North Carolina during the American Civil War.

Many members of the Cherokee tribe in western North Carolina supported the Confederation and especially the Thomas Legion , the 69th North Carolina Regiment. This Confederate unit, led by Cherokee Colonel William Holland Thomas , had two companies made up of Cherokee Indians. The free colored people who did not voluntarily take part in the war were forced to work on defense systems, for example at the Confederate fortification of Fort Fisher near Wilmington . This portion of the population, which included parts of the Lumbee and the Lowry family, was viewed as either a threat or potential forced labor for the Confederate military projects. Many of them fled, hid in the swamps and formed resistance groups to avoid forced recruitment by the Confederates.

These two factors, on the one hand the impending danger of forced recruitment and the massive restriction on hunting due to the ban on weapons, led to a shortage of food. The colored and Native American populations in Robeson County found the material disadvantage and persecution of the poor population increasingly unjust and their resentment towards the affluent and white classes increased. The predominantly white vigilante group supported the Confederation in its efforts and recruiting and tried to maintain public order while the soldiers fought on the front lines.

The Lowry family

Henry Berry Lowry, the central figure in the Lowry War, was one of 12 children of the Allen and Mary Lowry families, a distinguished Native American family. They lived in the ancestral area known as "The Settlement" or "Scuffletown" of the Lumbee in the vicinity of Pembroke in Robeson County. The family owned over 800 acres of farm near Hopewell which provided the family with some wealth and influence within the Native American community.

Location Robeson Countys, North Carolina, home of the Lowrys and site of the Lowry War

The ancestry of the family is unclear according to historical sources, the Lowrys are generally referred to as the Lumbee, in other records they are referred to as the Tuscarora or Tuscarora mixed race, Henry Berry's grandmother belonged to this tribe. Occasionally Henry Berry is also described as "North Carolina Modoc " or "Robeson County Apache ". From today's point of view, the Lowrys belonged to the Lumbees, a tribe made up of the descendants of various Indian tribes, including the Tuscarora, free African American and whites. They understood and see themselves as Native Americans and, despite the contemporary classification, not as “free colored people”. In the 19th century they fought for their recognition both as a tribe and for the preservation of their tribal areas. It can be assumed that the Lowrys also understood themselves exclusively as Indians, regardless of the exact assignment to a particular tribe.

The men of the Lowry family and their relatives did not take part in the war, some of whom lived temporarily in the swamps to avoid forced labor at Fort Fischer. Like much of the Indian population in Robeson County threatened with forced labor and military service, Father Allen was critical of the Confederation. This attitude was shared by his sons as well as by related cousins ​​and uncles, between whom apparently a close relationship existed.

Triggering events

Escalation and first murders

In December 1864, discontent escalated and four of the Lowry's sons joined a gang, possibly led by William Lowry. They hid in the swamps to avoid forced recruitment and began stealing pigs and food from wealthy whites in the area. One of the robbers was the farmer and slave owner James P. Barnes, from whom two pigs were stolen. He was shot dead by the gang on December 21, 1864. As a result, Jarmen, one of the Lowry sons' cousins, was killed by vigilante leader James Brantley "Brant" Harris. Harris is said to have had a preference for Indian women and to have taken them violently and against the will of their husbands or relatives, and was therefore warned by one of the Lowrys. Two other cousins ​​were murdered by Harris when they arrived in Robeson County for Jarmen's funeral. In return, members of the gang, including probably Henry Berry Lowrie, shot Harris on January 15, 1865 and ransacked the county house. They stole weapons and ammunition, but were initially not caught.

Arrest and execution of Allen and William Lowrys

The vigilantes arrested Allen Lowry and his son William in January 1865 on a pretext. The reasons given for the arrest differ depending on the source: In the orally transmitted story of the Lumbee, which Karin I. Blu recorded in " The Lumbee Problem: The Making of an American Indian People ", it is said that The two captured Lowrys were victims of a "tied mule incident". The Lowry's neighbor, Bob McKenzie, allegedly hid crockery and meat on the territory of the Indian neighbors and then reported them to the vigilante group in order to gain possession of their land. During a search, the "stolen" goods were discovered and the men arrested. According to other sources, the family was accused by a Confederate officer of stealing pigs and meat from the smokehouse , and of possessing guns. After they were found during a search by the vigilante group, Allen and William Lowry, as well as Allen's wife and three other children, were arrested.

William T. Sherman's army was only a few miles from Robeson when the vigilantes charged Henry Lowry's father Allen and brother William of various crimes. Although William was involved in previous clashes and killings, Allen Lowry's involvement in the gang or other crimes is unlikely. After a hastily convened, improvised and illegal trial, they were found guilty. On March 31, 1865, Allen and William Lowry were brought to their farm, forced to dig their own graves, and then executed by the vigilante group . Henry Berry Lowry, who was around 17 years old at the time, had hidden in the bushes nearby and watched the execution. He swore to avenge his father and brother. Instead of the calming down of the situation hoped for by the vigilantes, this led to an intensification of the conflict between colored or Indian sections of the population and the militias.

The Swamp Bandits

A woodcut by the Moss Neck community. Appeared March 30, 1872 in a Harper's Weekly article about the Lowry gang

Henry Lowry retired to the marshes between Moss Neck and Union near Pembroke after his father and brother were executed. As the leader of a small group he gathered men around him, later known as "Swamp Bandits" (Engl. For " Swamp bandits ") (Engl. For or "Swamp Outlaws" Outlaws of the Marsh ) were known. Among these men were some of his brothers, members of his family clan, some melungeons, and at least two former slaves.

Lowrys and Strongs

His eldest brother Stevie was the oldest of the Swamp Bandits and was considered the most dangerous of those involved. According to stories, he was provocative and solved his problems with violence. He was allegedly involved in all of the Swamp Bandits' raids and attacks, including the murder of John Sander. Because of his quick temper, he got into an argument with his brother Henry. This shot him out of the eye for insubordination. Stevie Lowry was for involvement in the murder of former Sheriff Reuben King to outlaw declares taken and the Court for murder in Whiteville convicted. His attorney appealed to the Supreme Court, but before his case was called, Stevie Lowry escaped from prison and returned to the swamps. He was 36 years old at the time of his violent death, which effectively ended the Lowry War in 1864. The third Lowry of the gang was Tom Lowry. Little is known about Henry and Stevie's brother, who is calm and level-headed, according to legend.

Andrew and Boss Strong are described as two brothers of predominantly white descent. Together with the Lowry brothers, they formed the hard core of the Swamp Bandits, who got together in Wilmington after a large-scale wave of arrests and joint imprisonment .

The Melungeons - Dial, Oxendine, Shoemaker, Chavis

Other well-known members of the Swamp Bandits came from the group of Melungeons. This population group, also known as "Black Dutch" (English for " Black Dutch "), has white, Afro-American and Indian origins in the highlands of North Carolina, which have developed in isolation. Official bodies defined as colored people, like other multiracial groups, they were at risk of forced labor and discrimination. John Dial, William Chavis, Henderson and Calvin Oxendine and Shoemaker John also joined the Swamp Bandits.

Dial was accused of breaking oath by the rest of the gang in Whiteville Court when he charged George Applewhite with the murder of Reuben King, while the gang members unanimously stated that Dial himself shot King. William Chavis, who came from the extensive Chavis family, disappeared immediately after he was declared an outlaw and fled across the border into Effingham County , Georgia . After robbing a shop near Savannah , he crossed the border into South Carolina , where his trail is lost. The Oxedine brothers' membership in the Swamp Bandits is considered certain, but their role and history are unclear. Shoemaker John, whose name derives from his profession as a shoemaker, was particularly known for his talent as a thief. He was behind the series of thefts in 1869 at Saddle Tree Swamp in northeastern County, where he robbed Elizabeth Carlyle with some members of the gang and then raided the general store Biggs & Hodgins, Billy Purcell and Flora McFarland in Richmond County. Before returning to Scuffletown, they stole all of the rifles from William Buchanan's gun shop. He was arrested for this raid and sentenced to ten years in prison. After the overwhelming majority of the Swamp Bandits rejected the series of attacks and threatened to kill him, he did not seem dissatisfied with his admission to the state prison.

The Whites - McLaughlin, Gilbert

The two white members of the Swamp Bandits were Zach T. McLaughlin and Bryan Gilbert. McLaughlin, a Scot , was the addition of a mortal wound for outlaws declared for violating Owen C. Norment he was called by Henry Lowry with 50 dollars. He was killed by Henry Biggs. Bryan Gilbert, a white non-Robeson County white man, also joined the Swamp Bandits. During a raid on David Townsend's residence at Aaron Swamp's, he was shot by the owner of the house and died a short time later as a result of his injuries in the bandits' camp.

Documented raids and events

Raid the Lumberton Courthouse

The first Lowry raid was for the procurement of weapons and ammunition and took place shortly after the execution of Allen and William Lowry. The target of the raid was the courthouse in Lumberton, where the weapons for the local spleen were stored. They captured a number of double-barreled breech loaders , which they used for further raids. After the fact, Lowry and his Swamp Bandits disappeared in the swamps in the area. This guerrilla tactic, which they used again and again, successfully protected them from capture by the authorities. In the course of the Lowry War there were repeated clashes between the Confederate vigilante group and the bandits, for example the militias combed the swamps several times and arrested members of the Swamp Bandits in various raids. However, these regularly fled the prisons with the help of the other outlaws. Henry Berry Lowry himself was arrested several times, including at his wedding to Rhoda Strong, but escaped a little later from the maximum security prison in Wilmington and returned to his wife.

Thefts and raids on plantations

By 1865, food became scarce with the influx of more outlaws, including escaped slaves, Confederate deserters, and escaped Union prisoners who fled to the safety of the swamps. This forced the bandits to change their tactics and they decided to live at the expense of the rich in the future instead of robbing the poor and concentrated their raids on the plantations of the region. Despite the shortage of food in the last months of the Civil War, there were still stored supplies in these areas, which the bandits stole for their own use, but were also distributed to the poor in Pembroke. These Robin Hood-like acts brought Lowry, as the leader of the Swamp Bandits, the sympathy of the poorer population and established his later reputation as a benefactor of the population. It is unclear to what extent all attacks carried out at this time can be assigned to the Swamp Bandits. In some cases, several raids were reported on the same evening, but they affected plantations that were miles apart. The historian Gerald Sider therefore assumes that some of the robberies were carried out by other thieves and that the attribution to the Lowry gang was only afterwards.

One of the hallmarks of the Swamp Bandits in these plantation raids was the extreme courtesy displayed by the bandits and which is emphasized in all of the gang's stories. In the social tradition of the southern states , which places great value on manners and decency, the robbers entered the houses of their victims in the early evening through the front door and ate dinner with the later victims. According to legend, they are said to have made music with the plantation owners. Only then were they asked to hand over their valuables voluntarily and without bloodshed.

Murders and acts of revenge

Lowry and the Swamp Bandits were declared lawless by the state governor in 1869 and had high rewards on their heads. They then reacted with violence and acts of revenge. At least ten people were killed in ten months, both vigilante and gang members. Swamp Bandits murder and revenge victims in particular were members of the white upper class who used their position to harm the poor and colored parishioners of Scuffletown. Among those killed were Owen C. Norment, Murdock and Hugh McLean, John Taylor, Archibald McMillan, Hector McNiell, Alexander Brown, FM Wishart, John Sanders, Reuben King and Daniel Baker. With two exceptions, these men were supporters of slavery and opponents of Reconstruction , the reintegration of the Confederate States into the Union. They came from important white families in the region, for example Reuben King was the former "high sheriff ", a high post in state jurisdiction, and the richest man in the county. The McLean family provided several senators and a governor, Norment commanded the area's vigilante group, and John Taylor was assumed to be the chairman of the local Ku Klux Klan . Most of these men were shot dead in the street after a strong warning to change their behavior.

End of violence

The last major crime committed by the Outlaws took place on February 16, 1872, when the gang raided Lumberton. They broke into the safes of the local general store and the sheriff's office and escaped with around $ 28,000. At that point, the bounty on Henry Berry Lowry had already been increased to $ 12,000 without the authorities receiving any information about the whereabouts of the bandits. Journalist George Alfred Townsend referred to the bandits in his 1872 report "The Swamp Outlaws" as modern Rob Roys and Robin Hoods, an opinion shared by the population of the settlement. This explains why the Lowry gang, despite the very high reward, was never betrayed by the people of the region or given any advice to the authorities. Three days later, Henry Berry Lowry disappeared without a trace and the violent clashes came to an end with the death of Stevie Lowry in 1874.

Perception and legend building

Illustration from the book by George Alfred Townsend: The Swamp Outlaws: or The Lowery Bandits of North Carolina Bandits. Robert M. DeWitt, New York, 1872

Towards the end of the Lowry War, a debate began within the white population about white ideas of race and the differences between them. The white sections of the population were primarily looking for an answer to the question of how the events could have come about. In the course of the discussions, Lowry was attributed more and more almost superhuman qualities that stylized him as a kind of inviolable daredevil. These ideas were adapted by the Indian population and contributed to the formation of legends over the course of the following century, which transfigured his person and pushed the violence and attacks against the civilian population into the background. The deeds and the people of the Lowry War were first known to the American public through newspaper reports and perceived contradictingly. These two sides of Lowry's perception and his struggle become particularly clear in the two contemporary writings of Mary C. Norment and George Alfred Townsend, whose representations of the Lowry War differ fundamentally. Norment attributes the negative criminal energy to the Lowrys in particular. She initially assumed he was African American, but later discovered his Indian roots. In her opinion, it was this wild and uncontrollable nature of his origin that she attributed to his aggressiveness, his readiness to use violence and his ability to evade the authorities. Townsend, on the other hand, narrates a classic robber pistol in which a wild bunch of bandits turn out to be men with heart and social commitment.

After Henry Berry Lowry's mysterious disappearance, his story assumed more and more mythical proportions. There are several accounts of his whereabouts, which the Lumbee in Robeson County preserved through oral tradition, some of which were not recorded until the end of the 20th century. Various explanations range from a plausible interpretation to fairytale transfigurations. A well-known collection of these stories was taped by the historian Adolph L. Dial between 1969 and 1971 and is known as the "Adolph L. Dial Tapes". The theories outlined there assume that Lowry either accidentally killed himself, was smuggled out of the country in a large box, or died while standing upright in a secret firefight. Other stories tell of a faked escape or his departure to South America or the Northwest, in which he is said to have led the Modoc uprising against the United States from 1872 to 1873. A popular opinion about his disappearance is that he never actually left the region. His great-nephew claimed Henry Berry Lowry was still alive in 1937.

Meaning Lowrys and the Swamp Bandits

For the people of North Carolina, Lowry and the Swamp Bandits are and were controversial figures. Their supporters consider them heroes, their critics consider them common criminals. Over the past century, the evaluation of events has shifted towards an uncritical assumption of positive views of Lowry and the Swamp Bandits, while criticism of their approach has weakened. The vast majority of those who view Lowry and the Swamp Bandits positively today are mostly from poorer populations from the rural areas of the state. For the Lumbee and the Melungeons in particular, the events of the Lowry War are of central importance for the self-image of the tribes that developed in the 19th and 20th centuries. Lowry is seen as the source of the Lumbee's increasing self-confidence and demand for recognition, while the Melungeon members involved in the Swamp Bandits served a similar role in their society. The sustained admiration that is shown to the outlaws arises essentially from this role as symbolic figures in the rebellion of the multiracial population groups against the system of white supremacy in the south .

Reminder and reception

Paul Green, a writer who dealt with Theman from the southern states, created the play "The Last of the Lowries" in 1920, which deals with the events of the Lowry War. The legend of Lowry has been remembered every summer since 1976 on the open-air stage in Pembroke with the play "Strike at the Wind" written by Randolph Umberger. In the context of the critically viewed Civil War and the subsequent phase of Reconstruction , Lowry is portrayed as a lawless hero who defends the racist system in the south through his struggle for self-determination of his people and fraternization with the decrepit population of the state, the poor blacks and whites, mocked. There is also an information center for the North Carolina Indian Cultural Center on the premises of the theater, a museum for Indian art is maintained there and the rebuilt Henry Berry Lowries house is on display. In 2000, a novel by Josephine Humphreys was published, which takes up the Lowry War and the legend of Lowry and reproduces it from the perspective of Rhoda Strong.

literature

  • David Ball: The Swamp Outlaw: The Civil War Story of Henry Berry Lowery and His North Carolina Indian Raiders , 1st Books Library, 1999, ISBN 1-58500-408-1
  • Karen I. Blu: The Lumbee Problem: The Making of an American Indian People. , University of Nebraska Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8032-6197-7
  • Adolph L. Dial, David K. Eliades: The Only Land I Know: A History of the Lumbee Indians. , Syracuse University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-8156-0360-6
  • William McKee Evans: To Die Game: The Story of the Lowry Band, Indian Guerrillas of Reconstruction. , Syracuse University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-8156-0359-2
  • Tim Hashaw: Children of perdition: Melungeons and the struggle of mixed America. Mercer University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-88146-013-3
  • Christopher Arris Oakley: Keeping the Circle: American Indian Identity in Eastern North Carolina 1885-2004. University of Nebraska Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8032-3574-7
  • Lowry Volume In: William S. Powell, Jay Mazzocchi (Eds.): Encyclopedia of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 2006, ISBN 0-8078-3071-2
  • Neal Shirley, Saralee Stafford: Dixie Be Damned: 300 Years of Insurrection in the American South , AK Press, 2015, ISBN 978-1-8493-5207-9
  • Gerald M. Sider: Living Indian Histories: Lumbee and Tuscarora People in North Carolina. University of North Carolina Press, 2003, ISBN 0-8078-5506-5
  • George Alfred Townsend: The Swamp Outlaws: or The North Carolina Bandits; Being a Complete History of the Modern Rob Roys and Robin Hoods. , Robert M. DeWitt, New York, 1872

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Gerald M. Sider: Living Indian Histories: Lumbee and Tuscarora People in North Carolina. University of North Carolina Press, 2003, p. 173, ISBN 0-8078-5506-5
  2. ↑ The Free People of Color or Free Person of Color are called "Black, Negro, mulatto, Mustee or even Native American Indian," see. on this the “Colonial Records of North Carolina” in the North Carolina State Archives, Miscellaneous Records in the Office of Secretary of State: Free People of Color Petition filed in Granville County in 1771
  3. ^ US-Census 1860, University of Virginia
  4. ^ Lecture by William McKee Evans at the Native American Resource Center of The University of North Carolina at Pembroke on November 10, 2005: “The Civil War was a rich man's war and a poor man's fight, was brought inequality to absolutely grotesque proportions. The people who had it worst were the poor Lumbee, who were rounded up and forced to work at Fort Fisher. "
  5. ^ A b c Frederick E. Hoxie: Encyclopedia of North American Indians: Native American History, Culture, and Life from Paleo-Indians to the Present. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1996, p. 350 ISBN 0-395-66921-9
  6. ↑ Gerald M. Sider: Living Indian Histories: Lumbee and Tuscarora People in North Carolina. UNC Press, 2003, p. 269, ISBN 0-8078-5506-5
  7. ^ A b Christopher Arris Oakley: Keeping the Circle: American Indian Identity in Eastern North Carolina 1885-2004. University of Nebraska Press, 2005, p. 22, ISBN 0-8032-3574-7
  8. ↑ a b c University of North Carolina - University Libraries, North Carolina Collection: March 1865 - Executions Spark the Lowry War ( Memento of the original from November 7, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lib.unc.edu
  9. ↑ Public Schools of Robeson County teaching materials: Henry Berry Lowrie: Lumbee Legend - The Man & The Mystery
  10. ^ A b Karen I. Blu: The Lumbee Problem: The Making of an American Indian People. University of Nebraska Press, 2001, pp. 149-150, ISBN 0-8032-6197-7
  11. ^ Christopher Arris Oakley: Keeping the circle: American Indian identity in eastern North Carolina, 1885-2004 . University of Nebraska Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8032-3574-7 (English).
  12. ↑ a b c The description of the individual gang members and their possibly known causes of death comes from Mary C. Norment: The Lowrie History as acted in part by Henry Berry Lowrie the Great North Carolina Bandit, with biographical sketch of his associates. Ed .: EE Page. 4th edition. Lumbee Publishing Company, Lumberton, NC 1909, ISBN 0-275-98236-X (English, Complete History of the Modern Robber Band in the County of Robeson and State of North Carolina).
  13. ^ Jean Lau Chin: The Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination: Ethnicity and multiracial identity . Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004, ISBN 0-275-98236-X , pp. 8–9 (English).
  14. ↑ a b c d Gerald M. Sider: Living Indian Histories: Lumbee and Tuscarora People in North Carolina . University of North Carolina Press, 2003, ISBN 0-8078-5506-5 , pp. 161-164 (English).
  15. ^ A b Jefferson Currie: Henry Berry Lowry Lives Forever . In: North Carolina Museum of History - Office of Archives and History, NC Department of Cultural Resources (Ed.): Tar Heel Junior Historian Association . Spring, no. 39 , 2000 (English).
  16. ↑ Tim Hashaw: Children of perdition: Melungeons and the struggle of mixed America . Mercer University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-88146-013-3 , pp. 52 (English).
  17. ^ A b c Gerald M. Sider: Living Indian Histories: Lumbee and Tuscarora People in North Carolina . University of North Carolina Press, 2003, ISBN 0-8078-5506-5 , pp. 164-171 (English).
  18. ↑ A representation and collection of relevant newspaper reports and mentions can be found under Glenn Ellen Starr Stilling: Lumbee Indians - Category: 33. The Henry Berry Lowry period. (No longer available online.) Appalachian State University, archived from the original on April 12, 2009 ; accessed on April 16, 2009 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / linux.library.appstate.edu
  19. ↑ A copy of the tapes is provided by Adolph L. Dial: Lowry Legends - The Adolph L. Dial Tapes. (No longer available online.) North Carolina Museum of History, archived from the original on December 26, 2009 ; Retrieved April 12, 2009 (English, 1969–1971). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / ncmuseumofhistory.org
  20. ^ Lecture by William McKee Evans at the Native American Resource Center of The University of North Carolina at Pembroke on November 10, 2005: “Henry Berry Lowry is a source of strength for the Lumbee people, […] They have stood tall because of the legend. The greatest critics of Lowry have given ground, the legend friendly to Lowry has grown. "
  21. ↑ Website of the play Strike At The Wind ( Memento of the original from March 18, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.strikeatthewind.com
  22. ↑ Josephine Humphreys: Nowhere Else on Earth , Viking Adult, 2000, ISBN 0-670-89176-2

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