Ectromelia Virus
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The ectromelia virus ( ECTV , mouse pox virus ) is the only member of the virus family Poxviridae (smallpox viruses) that can cause disease in mice . The disease was first described by the ECTV in 1930 and in 1948 the serological similarity to the vaccinia virus was recognized.
The ECTV causes two different clinical pictures: A mild, chronic form with typical, pox-like skin lesions (mouse pox) and an acute, disseminated infection, which is often fatal when various internal organs are affected. In mouse embryos, the ECTV causes a severe malformation of the long bones ( ectromelia ), after which the virus is named. ECTV disease was only observed in laboratory mice. The virus itself has also been suspected in wild mice. It is very easily transmitted by droplet and smear infection within laboratory populations .
Viral property
The genome of the ECTV consists of a linear, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) of about 210 kbp . As a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus , the ECTV has a cuboid shape with a diameter of about 200 nm and a length of 250 to 300 nm. So far, four subtypes have been described (Belo Horizonte virus, ECTV type Moscow, 'ECTV type Navel' and ECTV Type ERPV). The subtype ERPV (erythromelalgia-related poxvirus, erythromelalgia-associated poxvirus) was described as a separate virus species that was isolated as a possible pathogen of the endemic form of erythromelalgia in schoolchildren in China. In 2012 it was identified as a subtype of ECTV. The ECTV is very closely related to the monkeypox virus (scientifically Orthopoxvirus simiae ) and the vaccinia virus .
meaning
The ECTV is used as a model virus in the research of the disease mechanisms of various viral pathogens , on which the distribution of the virus in the organism in the event of exanthemic virus infections or specific defense mechanisms of the immune system can be examined in animal models . With the investigation of the ECTV, important mechanisms of the immune system were discovered and elucidated, such as the importance of cytotoxic T cells for healing a viral infection, viral immune evasion and the importance of nitric oxide in the function of macrophages and dendritic cells . In addition to the function of various virus proteins as immunomodulators or the activation mechanisms for natural killer cells , the importance of the toll-like receptor 9 for the defense against smallpox viruses could also be shown in the ECTV model . The ECTV is also used to test vaccines and antivirals against smallpox viruses.
swell
- RM Buller et al .: Poxviridae, genus Orthopoxvirus . In: CM Fauquet, MA Mayo et al .: Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses . London, San Diego 2005 pp. 122f. ISBN 0-12-249951-4 , pp . 122f
- David M. Knipe, Peter M. Howley (eds.-in-chief): Fields' Virology . 5th edition, Philadelphia 2007, Volume 2, ISBN 0-7817-6060-7 , p. 2967
- DJ Esteban and RM Buller: Ectromelia virus: the causative agent of mousepox . J. Gen. Virol. (2005) 86 (Pt 10), PMID 16186218 , pp. 2645-2659 (review)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Variola virus , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
- ↑ J. Marchal: Infectious ectromelia. J. Pathol. Bacteriol. (1930) 33: pp. 713-728
- ^ L. Dickinson: The serological relationship between vaccinia and ectromelia viruses . J. Hyg. (Lond) (1948) 46 (4), PMID 18129314 , pp. 378-382
- ↑ KH Groppel: The occurrence of ectromelia (mousepox) in wild mice . Arch. Exp. Vet. (1962) 16: pp. 243-278
- ↑ JD Mendez-Rios et al .: Genome sequence of erythromelalgia-related poxvirus identifies it as an ectromelia virus strain . PLoS One (2012) 7 (4): e34604. PMID 22558090
- ↑ AK Parker et al. : Induction of natural killer cell responses by ectromelia virus controls infection . J. Virol. (2007) 81 (8), PMID 17287257 , pp. 4070-4079
- ↑ C. Samuelsson et al. : Survival of lethal poxvirus infection in mice depends on TLR9, and therapeutic vaccination provides protection. J. Clin. Invest. (2008) 118 (5), PMID 18398511 , pp. 1776-1784
Web links
- Ectromelia virus in the NCBI database
- Reference sequence NC004105 of the ECTV