Macrotyloma
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Horse bean seeds ( Macrotyloma uniflorum ) |
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| Macrotyloma | ||||||||||||
| ( Wight & Arn. ) Verdc. |
Macrotyloma is a genus of plants in the subfamily of the butterflies (Faboideae) within the legume family (Fabaceae). There are about 24 Macrotyloma species. It is one of the genera of the Faboideae, species ofwhich are called beans , and some species of which provide food.
description
Vegetative characteristics
Macrotyloma species grow as creeping or climbing, rarely independently erect, annual or perennial herbaceous plants . They are not armed with spikes or thorns.
The alternate leaves arranged on the stem are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The leaf blade is usually pinnate in three parts, rarely only one partial leaf is formed. There are stipules present.
Generative characteristics
The flowers stand individually to a few clustered in the leaf axils or in lateral, clustered inflorescences . There are bracts and cover sheets available.
The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and four or five-fold with a double flower envelope . The four or five unequal sepals are fused with two sepal lips. The upper calyx lip consists of two sepals which are completely or partially fused; the lower calyx lip consists of two to three sepals; the calyx teeth are shorter than the calyx tube. The flower crowns have the typical structure of the butterfly flowers . The five nailed petals are hairless, whitish-greenish-yellow to yellow and sometimes with reddish-purple markings. The flag is not spurred but eyed and has two long appendages. The flag is longer than the wing and the shuttle. The wings are narrow and the shuttle is straight. The ten fertile stamens are not fused with the petals. Nine stamens have grown together to form a tube. All dust bags are the same. The individual upper carpels contain 3 to 13 ovules . The thread-like, curved style is hairy. The scar is heady.
The legumes are formed. Only with the ground bean ( Macrotyloma geocarpum ) are the legumes in the soil, similar to the peanut ( Arachis hypogaea ) and Bambara peanut ( Vigna subterranea ). The legumes are straight to curved and not septate between the seeds. The compressed seeds usually have no aril , but a white hilum . The unit of dissemination ( diaspore ) is the seed.
Systematics and distribution
The genus Macrotyloma belongs to the subtribe Phaseolinae of the tribe Phaseoleae in the subfamily of butterflies (Faboideae) within the family of legumes (Fabaceae). The first description of the genus Macrotyloma was in 1970 by Bernard Verdcourt in Kew Bulletin , 24, 2, p. 322 separated from the genus Dolichos L. in which these species are in a section Macrotyloma Wight & Arn. which was established by Robert Wight & George Arnott Walker Arnott in Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis , 1834, 248. The botanical genus name Macrotyloma is derived from the Greek words macros for large and týlos for bulge, callus. A synonym for Macrotyloma (Wight & Arn.) Verdc. is Kerstingiella Harms .
The distribution area of the genus Macrotyloma includes the Old World . Almost all Macrotyloma TYPES have their natural area just in Africa: in tropical Africa , Madagascar , the Mascarene Islands ; only one species, Macrotyloma uniflorum , is native to the Indian subcontinent .
There are about 24 Macrotyloma typologies:
- Macrotyloma africanum (Brenan ex R. Wilczek) Verdc. (Syn .: Dolichos africanus Brenan ex R. Wilczek )
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Macrotyloma axillare (E. Mey.) Verdc. : With the varieties:
- Macrotyloma axillare var. Axillare (Syn .: Dolichos axillaris E. Mey. )
- Macrotyloma axillare var. Glabrum (E.Mey.) Verdc . (Syn .: Dolichos axillaris var. Glaber E. Mey. )
- Macrotyloma axillare var. Macranthum (Brenan) Verdc. (Syn .: Dolichos axillaris var. Macranthus Brenan )
- Macrotyloma bieense (Torre) Verdc.
- Macrotyloma biflorum (Schum. & Thonn.) Hepper
- Macrotyloma brevicaule (Baker) Verdc.
- Macrotyloma ciliatum (Willd.) Verdc.
- Macrotyloma coddii Verdc.
- Macrotyloma daltonii (Webb) Verdc. (Syn .: Dolichos daltonii Webb )
- Macrotyloma decipiens Verdc.
- Macrotyloma densiflorum (Baker) Verdc.
- Macrotyloma dewildemanianum (Wilczek) Verdc.
- Macrotyloma ellipticum (REFr.) Verdc. (Syn .: Dolichos ellipticus R.E.Fr. )
- Macrotyloma fimbriatum (Harms) Verdc.
- Ground bean or candelabean ( Macrotyloma geocarpum (Harms) Maréchal & Baudet , Syn .: Kerstingiella geocarpa Harms )
- Macrotyloma hockii (De Wild.) Verdc.
- Macrotyloma maranguense (Taub.) Verdc. (Syn .: Dolichos taubertii Baker f. , Glycine maranguensis Taub. )
- Macrotyloma oliganthum (Brenan) Verdc.
- Macrotyloma prostratum Verdc.
- Macrotyloma rupestre (Baker) Verdc.
- Macrotyloma schweinfurthii Verdc.
- Macrotyloma stenophyllum (Harms) Verdc. (Syn .: Dolichos stenophyllum Harms )
- Macrotyloma stipulosum (Baker) Verdc.
- Macrotyloma tenuiflorum (Micheli) Verdc. (Syn .: Desmodium tenuiflorum Micheli , Dolichos baumannii Harms )
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Horse bean ( Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc. ): With the varieties:
- Macrotyloma uniflorum var. Benadirianum (Chiov.) Verdc. (Syn .: Dolichos benadirianus Chiov. )
- Macrotyloma uniflorum var. Stenocarpum (Brenan) Verdc. (Syn .: Dolichos uniflorus var. Stenocarpus Brenan )
- Macrotyloma uniflorum var. Uniflorum (Syn .: Dolichos biflorus auct., Dolichos uniflorus Lam. )
- Macrotyloma uniflorum var. Verrucosum Verdc.
use
Some species are cultivated for the production of food: ground bean ( Macrotyloma geocarpum ) and horse bean ( Macrotyloma uniflorum ).
Since they fix nitrogen ( Rhizobium root nodules ), they are important for soil improvement.
See also
swell
- Syed Irtifaq Ali: Papilionaceae. : Macrotyloma at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- Gwenneth J. Harden: Macrotyloma in the New South Wales Flora Online .
- Entry in the Flora of Zimbabwe . (engl.)
- Bernard Verdcourt: A revision of Macrotyloma (Leguminosae). in Hooker's Icones Plantarum , Volume 38, Part IV, 1982, pp. 1-138.
Individual evidence
- ^ Macrotyloma at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed on May 8, 2015.
- ^ A b Macrotyloma in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ↑ Enter Macrotyloma in the search mask at ILDIS = International Legume Database & Information Service - World Database of Legumes , Version 10.01 from November 2005.
- ↑ Tropical Forages data sheet: Macrotyloma axillare . ( Memento of the original from October 18, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ TUM data sheet - Macrotyloma axillare . (PDF; 241 kB)
- ↑ Tropical Forages data sheet: Macrotyloma daltonii . ( Memento of the original from November 20, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
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