Phaseoleae

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Phaseoleae
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris )

Systematics
Rosids
Eurosiden I
Order : Fabales (Fabales)
Family : Legumes (Fabaceae)
Subfamily : Butterflies (Faboideae)
Tribe : Phaseoleae
Scientific name
Phaseoleae
Bronn ex DC.

Phaseoleae is a tribe in the subfamily of the butterflies (Faboideae) within the legume family (Fabaceae). This tribe contains most of the genera within the Fabaceae family with around 90. Its approximately 1570 species have a main range in tropical to warm temperate areas of the world, with more species in drier areas. Numerous species are used by humans.

description

Vegetative characteristics

Illustration of some species from the subtribe phaseolinae

They are usually perennial, sometimes annual, herbaceous plants that grow independently upright, twisting or lying down, rarely trees . The stalked and imparipinnate leaves usually have three, rarely five or seven leaflets ; sometimes reduced to a leaflet. The petiole usually has a cushion. The leaflets have a smooth or lobed edge and sometimes they are dotted with glands. There are stipules of the leaves and leaflets.

Generative characteristics

Seedling of a runner bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) with the two thick cotyledons and the first leaf to unfold
Flowering, closed and open legume with seeds of Clitoria ternatea

There are mostly lateral mostly racemose total inflorescences , often consist of bundled partial inflorescences or sometimes branched paniculate total inflorescences, sometimes they are reduced to a single flower. The inflorescences often have a swollen knot and mostly small bracts that are often very quickly ephemeral. The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic, are five-fold with a double perianth . The five sepals are fused and usually end with four or five calyx teeth, they are rarely trimmed. The corolla has the typical structure of the butterflies. The shuttle can be built normally, with long beaks or twisted spirally. Sometimes nine of the ten stamens are more or less fused together, but they are often all free. The dust bags are mostly all the same. There is an upper carpel that contains one to many ovules . The stylus is bearded hairy on one side or only hairy around the scar along its entire length.

The bifacial legumes may be divided into sections between the seeds, but they are not completely divided. The seeds have two fat, nutrient-rich germ layers ( cotyledons ).

Subtribus Cajaninae: habit and leaves of Flemingia strobilifera
Subtribus Cajaninae: Rhynchosia acuminatifolia
Subtribe Diocleinae: Dioclea grandiflora
Kennediinae subtribe: Hardenbergia violacea
Phaseolinae subtribe: Phaseolus coccineus
Subtribus Phaseolinae: Illustration of Physostigma venenosum
Inflorescence of Apios americana
Habit and inflorescences of the Malabar lacquer tree ( Butea monosperma )
Sturnus contra drinks nectar from a flower of the Indian coral tree ( Erythrina variegata )
Mucuna pruriens
Illustration of Strongylodon pseudolucidus

Systematics and distribution

The tribe Phaseoleae is divided into seven subtribes and about 90 genera with about 1570 species:

  • Subtribus Cajaninae: With about ten genera:
    • Adenodolichos Harms : With about 15 kinds; they occur in tropical Africa
    • Bolusafra Kuntze : With only one type:
    • Cajanus Adans. : With about 30 species in tropical Asia , Madagascar and Oceania .
    • Carrissoa Bak. f. : With only one type:
    • Chrysoscias E. Mey . : With 3–4 species that occur in the Capensis
    • Dunbaria Wight & Arn. : With about 20 species in Asia and Oceania.
    • Eriosema (DC.) Desv. : With about 130 species worldwide.
    • Flemingia Roxb. ex WTAiton : With around 30 species in tropical Asia , Africa and Oceania.
    • Paracalyx Ali : With around six species that occur in the tropics
    • Rhynchosia Lour. : With around 200 species worldwide.
  • Subtribus Clitoriinae: With about five genera:
    • Barbieria DC. : With only one type:
    • Centrosema (DC.) Benth. : With about 45 species worldwide, but mainly in the New World .
    • Clitoria L .: With about 70 species in the tropics and subtropics .
    • Clitoriopsis R.Wilczek : With only one kind:
    • Periandra Mart. ex Benth. : With about six kinds; they occur in Brazil and Hispaniola
  • Subtribus Diocleinae: With about 13 genera:
    • Camptosema Hook. & Arn. : With about 10 kinds; they occur in South America
    • Canavalia Adans. : With about fifty species in the tropics and subtropics.
    • Cleobulia Mart. ex Benth. : With about 3–5 species that occur in Mexico and Brazil
    • Collaea DC. : With about seven species; they occur in South America
    • Cratylia Mart. ex Benth. : With about seven species; they occur in South America
    • Cymbosema Benth. : With only one type:
    • Dioclea Kunth : With around 40 species in the tropics
    • Galactia P.Browne : With about 70 species in the tropics and subtropics of Asia, Africa and America.
    • Lackeya Fortunato, et al. : With only one type:
      • Lackeya multiflora (Torr. & A. Gray) Fortunato et al. ; it occurs in the southeastern United States
    • Luzonia Elmer (is also part of Dioclea ): With only one species:
    • Macropsychanthus Harms ex K.Schum. & Lauterb. (is alsoplaced under Dioclea ): With several species that occur on New Guinea, the Philippines, the Talaud Islands , on Seram and on the Solomon Islands
    • Neorudolphia Britton : With only one species:
    • Rhodopis Urb. : With only two species found on Hispaniola
  • Subtribus Glycininae: With about 19 genera:
    • Amphicarpaea Elliott ex Nutt. : With about five species in tropical Africa, eastern Asia and North America.
    • Calopogonium Desv. : With about six species in the Neotropic .
    • Cologania Kunth : With around 12 species in tropical America
    • Dumasia DC. : With about ten species in southern Africa and Asia.
    • Eminia Taub. : With about four species in tropical Africa
    • Glycine Willd. : With about nine species tropical, subtropical and temperate areas of the eastern hemisphere .
    • Herpyza C. Wright : With only one species:
    • Neocollettia Hemsl. : With only one type:
    • Neonotonia J.A.Lackey : With two species that occur in the tropics
    • Neorautanenia Schinz : With three species in southern tropical Africa
    • Nogra Merr. : With about four species in China, India and Thailand.
    • Pachyrhizus Rich. ex DC. : With about five species in the Neotropic.
    • Phylacium Benn. : With about three species in China, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand and the Philippines.
    • Pseudeminia Verdc. : With about four species in tropical Africa
    • Pseudovigna (Harms) Verdc. : With two species in tropical Africa
    • Pueraria DC. : With about 20 species in tropical and eastern Asia.
    • Sinodolichos Verdc. : With only two species in China, Sarawak , Myanmar and Thailand.
    • Teramnus P.Browne : With about eight species in the tropics.
    • Teyleria Backer : With only three species in China, Indochina , Indonesia and the Philippines.
  • Subtribus Kennediinae: With about three genera:
    • Hardenbergia Benth. : With about three species in Australia
    • Kennedia Vent. : With about 15 species in Australia
    • Vandasina Rauschert : With only one type:
  • Subtribus Ophrestiinae: With about three genera:
    • Cruddasia Prain : With only two species in tropical Asia
    • Ophrestia H.MLForbes : With about 13 species in tropical Africa.
    • Pseudoeriosema Hauman : With around four species in tropical Africa
  • Subtribus Phaseolinae: With about 21 genera:
    • Alistilus N.E.Br. : With about three species in southern tropical Africa and Madagascar
    • Austrodolichos Verdc. : With only one type:
    • Dipogon Liebm. : With only one kind.
    • Dolichopsis Hassl. : With only one kind.
    • Dolichos L .: With about 60 species in Africa and Asia.
    • Dolichovigna Hayata (the genus is also assigned to Vigna )
    • Lablab Adans. : With the only kind:
      • Helmet bean ( Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet ): It is native to Africa, but is grown in the entire tropical belt.
    • Macroptilium (Benth.) Urb. : With about 20 species in the Neotropic .
    • Macrotyloma (Wight & Arn.) Verdc. : With about 25 species in Africa and Asia.
    • Mysanthus G.P. Lewis & A.Delgado : With only one species:
    • Nesphostylis Verdc. : With two species in tropical Africa and two in tropical Asia
    • Oryxis A.Delgado & GPLewis : With only one species:
    • Oxyrhynchus Brandegee : With one species in Malesia and three species in Central America
    • Phaseolus L .: With about fifty species in the Neotropic.
    • Physostigma Balf. : With about four species in tropical Africa
    • Ramirezella Rose : With about seven species in Central America and Mexico
    • Spathionema deaf. : With only one type:
    • Sphenostylis E. Mey. : With seven species in Africa and one in India
    • Strophostyles Elliott : With three types in North America
    • Vatovaea Chiov. : With only one type:
    • Vigna Savi : With around a hundred species in the tropics.
    • Wajira Thulin : With around five species in Africa, India and Sri Lanka.
  • Not included in a subtribe:
    • Apios Fabr .: With about eight species mainly in Eastern Asia.
    • Butea Roxb. ex Willd. : With about four species in tropical Asia.
    • Cochlianthus Benth. : With only two species in southern and southwestern China and in Nepal.
    • Decorsea R.Vig. : With about six species in Africa and Madagascar
    • Diphyllarium Gagnep. : With only one type:
    • Dysolobium (Benth.) Prain : With about four species in India and Southeast Asia.
    • Coral trees ( Erythrina L. ): With over a hundred species in the tropics and subtropics.
    • Mastersia Benth. : With only two species in Bhutan, China, India, Indonesia and Malaysia.
    • Meizotropis Voigt : With only two types; they occur in the Himalayas
    • Mucuna Adans. : With about a hundred species worldwide.
    • Otoptera DC. : With two species in Africa
    • Psophocarpus Neck. ex DC. : With about ten species in the tropics of the Old World.
    • Shuteria Wight & Arn. : With about six species in the tropics and subtropics of Asia.
    • Spatholobus Hassk. : With about 30 species in tropical Asia.
    • Strongylodon bird : With about 12 species that occur from Madagascar to Polynesia, but especially in the Philippines.

use

Many species are used in a variety of ways. The seeds and fruits serve as food for humans, but also the tubers in some species. They provide fodder . They are grown as green manure . The medicinal effects of numerous species have been studied. Some species are dye plants . Many species are used as ornamental plants.

swell

  • Ren Sa, Delin Wu, Dezhao Chen, Dianxiang Zhang , Hang Sun, Puhua Huang, Michael G. Gilbert, Mats Thulin, C. Melanie Wilmot-Dear & Hiroyoshi Ohashi: Phaseoleae in der Flora of China , Volume 10, 2010, p. 196: Online. (Section description, dissemination, use and systematics)
  • Robert Hegnauer: Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen , Volume XIB-2, Springer, 2001. ISBN 3-7643-5862-9 : Online at Google Books. (Phaseoleae: Pages 306–469)
  • David John Mabberley: Mabberley's Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses . 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press 2008. ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Phaseoleae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  2. ↑ Frits Adema: Notes on Malesian Fabaceae (Leguminosae - Papilionoideae). 3. The genera Dioclea, Luzonia, and Macropsychanthus . Blumea, Vol. 43, pp. 233-239, 1998

Web links

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