Clitoria ternatea
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Clitoria ternatea eingedeutscht also Blue Klitorie called, is a plant from the genus Clitoria in the subfamily of Schmetterlingsblütler (Faboideae) within the family of the Leguminosae (Fabaceae). Today it iswidespreadin tropical to subtropical areas around the world and is used in a variety ofways, but especially as an ornamental climbing plant .
description
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Appearance and leaf
Clitoria ternatea grows rapidly as an evergreen , perennial herbaceous plant or subshrub . With a diameter of 1 to 2 millimeters, the thin, round, grooved stem axes are short shaggy when pressed or, depending on age, more or less densely hairy ( trichomes ) and can become lignified. The shoot axes, which wind up to 5 meters high, are rarely branched in the lower area and above. The internodes are usually 5 to 15 centimeters long.
The durable, hairy stipules are relatively small and linear with a length of 2 to 4, rarely up to 5 millimeters and a width of 0.5 to 0.8, rarely up to 1.0 millimeters. The leaves are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The 1.5 to 3 centimeter long leaf stalk is slightly grooved and hairy. The leaf blade is pinnate unpaired with mostly five, rarely seven pinnate leaves . The curry hairy leaf rhachis is 2 to 6 inches long with 1 to 2.5 inches long slightly grooved, often on the underside runny internodes. The inconspicuous, durable, hairy stipules of the pinnate leaves are small and bristle-like to needle-shaped. The hairy stalks of the leaflets are 1 to 2, rarely up to 3 millimeters long and almost square in cross-section. The thin, parchment-like or almost membranous pinnate leaves are 1.5 to 5 centimeters long and 1 to 3.5 centimeters wide, elliptical or almost ovoid with a blunt or wedge-shaped base and a blunt, slightly edged upper end, usually one Possesses spike tip. Both leaf surfaces are of the same color and, when pressed, are briefly shaggy or hairy and the top of the leaf can become bald; the hair ( indument ) on the main veins is more noticeable. On each leaflet, four to six side veins are alternately arranged on each side of the main vein; they are slightly raised on the upper side of the leaf and clearly raised on the underside and there is a leaf vein running along the edge . The network vein can also be seen.
Inflorescence and flower
The inflorescence is reduced to a single bloom in the leaf axils. The bald, 4 to, usually 7 to 12 millimeter long inflorescence stem ends in two pulvini . The two green, membranous, downy hairy and ciliate bracts are relatively small with a length of 2 to 3 millimeters and a width of about 1 millimeter, concave, egg-shaped with a pointed upper end; they lie against the flower stalk or are spread out and ascending. The hairy, 3 to 6 millimeter long peduncle is twisted or curved at a thickened base. The two conspicuous, membranous, hairy bracts, which are almost adjacent to the calyx, are 6 to 10 millimeters long and 5 to 8 millimeters wide and are ovoid to almost circular or obovate with clearly recognizable network nerves.
The showy, relatively large, resupinate , hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five membranous, balding, 1.5 to 2 centimeters long sepals are fused over half their length to form a 9 to 14 millimeter long calyx tube with a 7 to 9 millimeter wide throat and five with a length of 8 to 12 millimeters and on their base 3 millimeter wide oblong or lanceolate calyx teeth with pointed or rounded upper ends and clearly recognizable, hairy nerves. The five sky-blue to purple, pink or white petals are up to 5.5 inches long. The short nailed flag is indistinctly white or orange in the middle and with a length of 3.5 to 5.5 centimeters and a width of 2.5 to 3 centimeters wide, obovate and edged. The nailed wings and shuttles are much shorter than the flag. The 8 millimeter long nailed wings are about 26 millimeters long and 12 millimeters wide, obovate-oblong and reach 8 to 10 millimeters below the shuttle. The 15 to 17 millimeters long nailed, sickle-shaped curved boats are elliptical with a length of about 9 millimeters and a width of about 6 millimeters. There are ten stamens . Nine stamens have grown together to form a 17 to 19 millimeter long stamen tube, which is almost straight in the lower area and slightly curved in the upper 3 to 4 millimeters. The free area of the stamens is 3 to 4 millimeters long. The free stamina is bent. The anthers are 1 millimeter long and 0.6 to 0.8 millimeters wide. The gynophore is about 1 millimeter long. The only uppermost, 11 to 12 millimeters long and about 1.5 millimeters wide ovary is densely shaggy hairy. The approximately 15 millimeter long stylus is downy hairy in the lower area and becomes bearded towards the upper end to just below the scar.
Fruit and seeds
The base of the legume, which is almost seated, is initially filled with the durable calyx, and as it grows, the calyx is torn open. The initially hairy, when ripe, balding, first light brown and later tan-colored legume is linear, elongated and flattened with a long beak. The almost straight fruit flaps are 10 to 11 centimeters long and 9 to 11 centimeters wide. Each legume contains six to ten seeds.
The seeds are rectangular with a length of 5 to 6 millimeters, a width of approximately 4 millimeters and a thickness of 1.5 to 2 millimeters, nearly kidney shaped or oblong with a clear Strophiole. The black seed coat is smooth and bare.
Phenology and set of chromosomes
The flowering time and the ripeness of the fruits are in China between June and November, in Pakistan between June and January. In Australia there is a flowering period from February to June and December.
The base chromosome number is x = 8. There have been reports with chromosome numbers of 2n = (14, 15), 16; there is usually diploidy .
distribution
The original homeland is not known, but it is believed to be in East Africa. It was cultivated in many countries and is often overgrown. Today it occurs in the tropics and subtropics on all continents and many islands. There are stocks in the Cape Verde Islands , Chad , Djibouti, Ethiopia , Somalia , Sudan , Kenya , Tanzania , Uganda , Burundi , Cameroon , Gabon , Sao Tome and Principe, Zaire, Benin , Ivory Coast , Gambia , Ghana , Guinea , Guinea-Bissau, Niger, Nigeria , Senegal , Sierra Leone , Togo, Angola , Malawi , Mozambique , Zambia , Zimbabwe , South Africa, Madagascar (Antsiranana, Mahajanga, Toliara provinces), Saudi Arabia, Yemen , Iran , Iraq , China (only in the provinces of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan, Sri Lanka , Pakistan , India , Bangladesh , Bhutan , Nepal , on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, on the Maldives , in Cambodia , Laos , Myanmar , Thailand , Vietnam , on the Christmas Islands , in Indonesia , on Sabah, Papua New Guinea , on the Philippines , in Singapore , in Australia , in the southern USA, in Mexico , on Hawaii , Guam , on the northern Mariana Islands, on Palau , on the Society Islands, on Fiji , on Ne ukaledonia , Samoa , the Solomon Islands , Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba , the Bahamas , Barbados , the Cayman Islands , Cuba , Dominica, Hispaniola , Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, the Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico , St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Vincent and Grenadines, the Virgin Islands, Belize , Costa Rica , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Nicaragua , Panama , French Guiana , Suriname , Venezuela , Brazil , Bolivia , Colombia , Ecuador , on the Galapagos Islands , in Peru (Departamentos Lambayeque, Lima, Piura, San Martín), Paraguay and Uruguay .
Clitoria ternatea winds its way up the woods in the underbrush of the woods. It often occurs in disturbed locations. It usually thrives at altitudes between 0 and 1000 meters. In some areas it is considered an invasive plant .
Taxonomy
Clitoria ternatea was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , Volume 2, p. 753. Synonyms for Clitoria ternatea L. are Clitoria albiflora Mattei , Clitoria bracteata Poir. , Clitoria coelestris Siebert & Voss , Clitoria parviflora Raf. , Clitoria philippensis Perr. , Clitoria pilosula Benth. , Clitoria ternatea var. Pilosula (Benth.) Baker , Clitoria ternatensium Crantz , Lathyrus spectabilis Forssk. , Ternatea ternatea (L.) Kuntze , Ternatea vulgaris Kunth , Ternatea vulgaris Kuntze , Clitoria tanganicensis Micheli . The specific epithet ternatea refers to the Indonesian island of Ternate , which was known as a place of discovery when this species was first described.
use
Clitoria ternatea is used in many ways.
Clitoria ternatea is used in tropical to subtropical areas as a climbing ornamental plant in parks and gardens. In cooler areas, they can be grown in greenhouses and grown like an annual plant.
The flowers of Clitoria ternatea are used to color food (for example rice in India and Cuba) and drinks blue. Dried flower petals can be used to make blue tea, which changes color depending on its pH . This tea is very common in Southeast Asia.
Young legumes are eaten. Minerals and vitamins can be obtained from them.
Often Clitoria ternatea as green manure and ground cover in fields and plantations used. Clitoria ternatea is good fodder, either fresh or as hay .
Seeds and shoot axes are used to dye materials such as clothing fabrics.
In folk medicine , fruits and subterranean plant parts of Clitoria ternatea are used. Clitoria ternatea is a medicinal plant of Ayurveda .
Common names
There are many common names in other languages (selection):
- English: Asian pigeonwings, blue-pea, bluebellvine, butterfly pea, cordofan-pea, Darwin-pea
- French: honte
- Spanish: azuelo, azulejo, conchitas, papito, zapatico de la reina, zapotillo, conchita azul, campanilla, bandera, choroque, lupita, pito de parra, bejuco de conchitas
- Portuguese: clitoria-azul, cunha (Brazil)
- Chinese: 蝶 豆 the dou
- Fijian: kau yalewa, latoela, nawa
- Chamorro: bukike, bukike paokeke, capa de la reina, kapa de la raina, paokeke
- Palauan: kles
- Tongan: paipa
- Javanese, Sundanese: kembang telang
- Tagalog: kolokanting
- Bikol: giting princesa
- Visaya: balog-balog
- Malaysia: bunga biru, kacang telang
- Cambodia: rum'choan
- Laos: 'ang s'an dam, bang s'an dam
- Thailand: anchan
- Vietnam: đậu biếc
swell
- Ren Sa & Michael G. Gilbert: Clitoria : Clitoria ternatea , p. 201 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 10 - Fabaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2010. ISBN 978-1-930723-91-7 (Description section)
- Clitoria ternatea at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Panama (WFO) . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Retrieved January 28, 2014 (Description Section)
Individual evidence
- ^ A b c Clitoria ternatea in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
- ↑ a b c d data sheet at Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk = PIER.
- ↑ a b Clitoria ternatea at Tropicos.org. In: Flora de Nicaragua . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 28, 2014.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Ren Sa & Michael G. Gilbert: Clitoria : Clitoria ternatea , p. 201 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong ( Ed.): Flora of China , Volume 10 - Fabaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2010. ISBN 978-1-930723-91-7
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Clitoria ternatea at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Panama (WFO) . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 28, 2014.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h B. Mackinder, R. Pasquet, R. Polhill & B. Verdcourt: Flora Zambesiaca , Volume 3, 2001 - Leguminosae online at kew.org .
- ^ A b Syed Irtifaq Ali: Papilionaceae , In: Flora of West Pakistan , Volume 100, Stewart Herbarium, Rawalpindi 1977: online at tropicos.org of the Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
- ↑ a b Amanda Spooner, 2007: data sheet at the Western Australian Flora .
- ^ Clitoria ternatea at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 28, 2014.
- ↑ a b Clitoria ternatea data sheet at ILDIS = International Legume Database & Information Service , Version 10.01 2005.
- ↑ Data sheet at the Flora of Mozambique
- ↑ Data sheet from the Flora of Zimbabwe
- ^ Clitoria ternatea at Tropicos.org. In: Catalog of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 28, 2014.
- ^ Clitoria ternatea at Tropicos.org. In: Catalog of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 28, 2014.
- ^ Clitoria ternatea at Tropicos.org. In: Peru Checklist . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 28, 2014.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i data sheet at PROTA4u = Plant Resources of Tropical Africa . ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Data sheet at the African Plant Database at CJB.
- ^ Linnaeus scanned in at biodiversitylibrary.org in 1753 .
- ^ Clitoria ternatea at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 28, 2014.
- ↑ a b data sheet at Tropical Forages , Version 1.1, 2005. ( Memento of the original from August 17, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ FAO data sheet .
- ↑ Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica. The ABC of plants. 10,000 species in text and images . Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 (therein pages 240-241).
- ^ Elyssa Goldberg: The Science Behind This Mesmerizing Color-Changing Tea. bon appétit, January 31, 2016, accessed on May 18, 2020 .
- ↑ Pulok K. Mukherjee, Venkatesan Kumar, N. Satheesh Kumar, Micheal Heinrich: The Ayurvedic medicine Clitoria ternatea — From traditional use to scientific assessment , In: Journal of Ethnopharmacology , Volume 120, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 291-301. doi : 10.1016 / j.jep.2008.09.009
- ↑ Data sheet at Encyclopedia of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants - A Candle of Medicinal Herb's Identification and Usage .
Web links
- Clitoria ternatea at Tropicos.org. In: Flora Mesoamericana . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 28, 2014.
- Antioxidant activities of the Linn clitoria ternatea.