Apios americana

Apios americana
	Apios americana
Systematics
Order :	Fabales (Fabales)
Family :	Legumes (Fabaceae)
Subfamily :	Butterflies (Faboideae)
Tribe :	Phaseoleae
Genre :	Apios
Type :	Apios americana
Scientific name
	Apios americana
	Medic.

Apios americana , also known as earth pear , is a species of the legume family (Fabaceae). It iswidespreadin North America .

description

illustration

Stem with pinnate foliage and inflorescence

Plant tuber

Appearance

Apios americana is a twining , perennial herbaceous plant . The short, downy hairy to bald stem axis is 1 to 3 meters, rarely up to 6 long and winds clockwise (right-handed).

On simple or branched rhizomes , subterranean, fleshy tubers with diameters of 1 to 8, rarely up to 20 centimeters, which are brown on the outside and white on the inside, are lined up in chains as persistence organs .

leaf

The alternately arranged leaves are 1 to 20 centimeters long and divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The imparipinnate leaf blade contains five or seven pinnate leaves . The stalks of the leaflets are usually 2 to 7 inches long. The minor leaflets are hardly recognizable. The leaflets are egg-shaped or egg-shaped-lanceolate to lanceolate and hairy bald to short and downy with a length of 3 to 6 centimeters. The edges of the leaflets are smooth.

Inflorescence and flowers

The flowers are close together in lateral, 5 to 15 centimeters long racemose inflorescences . The nodes of the inflorescence axis are thickened and on each of them there are one or two flowers above a bract. The supporting sheet is linear-awl-shaped with a length of 2 to 2.5 millimeters. On the 1 to 4 millimeter long peduncle there are two linear, awl-shaped bracts at the top .

The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic with a length of about 12 millimeters and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five sparsely hairy, fluffy sepals are fused into an approximately 3 millimeter long bell-shaped calyx tube. The five petals are reddish-brown, chestnut, pink or brownish-purple in color. The corolla has the typical shape of the butterfly flower . With a length of 9 to 13 millimeters, the bent back flag is inverted-egg-shaped, circular to inverted-heart-shaped with hardly recognizable ears. The wings are shorter than the flag. The shuttle is curved inwards. There are ten stamens . The stamens are bare. The only upper carpel is bare.

Fruit and seeds

The legume is linear with a length of 5 to 13 centimeters and a width of 4 to 7 centimeters. The legume contains six to thirteen (two) seeds and opens through the spiral opening of the fruit valves. The seeds are brown and wrinkled.

Chromosome set

The basic chromosome number is x = 11; there is diploidy or triploidy with chromosome numbers of 2n = 22 or 33.

ecology

Nitrogen is fixed in the root nodules .

distribution

Apios americana is located in North America in the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario and Quebec and in the US states of Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Wisconsin, Connecticut, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts , Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia, Colorado, Texas, Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia are widespread.

Taxonomy

The first publication of Apios americana took place in 1787 by Friedrich Kasimir Medikus in lectures of the Churpfälzische physical-economic society , volume 2, p. 355. The specific epithet americana refers to the origin from America. Synonyms for Apios americana Medik. are: Glycine apios L. , Apios tuberosa Moench , Apios americana var. turrigera Fernald .

use

The tubers are eaten raw or cooked. The good taste is reminiscent of roasted sweet potatoes. The tubers can also be dried and ground into flour; this flour can be added, for example, for thickening soups and for baking bread with grain milling. The tubers contain 17% crude protein , which is more than three times as much as is contained in potatoes. The tubers can be harvested in their first year, but they will take two to three years to reach the size necessary for marketing. They can be harvested at any time of the year, but the best time to harvest is in autumn. Tubers harvested in autumn can be stored until spring next year. Yields of 2.3 kg of tubers per plant specimen were documented. The early settlers in North America ate the tubers boiled, deep-fried or fried and called them “groundnuts”, “potato beans” or “Indian potatoes”. The New England Pilgrim Fathers survived their first winters on these tubers.

The relatively small seeds are cooked and eaten like beans or peas. The seeds are a good source of protein and are ground into flour and added to cereal flour when baking bread. Young legumes are eaten.

Plant parts have been used in folk medicine .

Apios americana is used as an ornamental plant. Its flowers are fragrant.

Common names

There are common names in different languages:

English language : Groundnut, Wild potato, Indian potato, American Potato-bean, American Potatobean, apios, ground-bean, wild bean, bog potato, Virginia potato, potato bean
French language : gland de terre
Spanish language : apio tuberoso

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Apios americana in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Ecocrop of the NewCrop Database of the FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Data sheet at NewCROP the New Crop Resource Online Program at Purdue University from James A. Duke: Handbook of Energy Crops. 1983.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ecocrop of the NewCrop Database of the FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN .
↑ James A. Duke: Handbook of Nuts: Herbal Reference Library. Crc Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0849336379 , p. 24.
↑ ^a ^b ^c data sheet with photos at Go Botany - Newengland Wild of the New England Wild Flower Society
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e data sheet at Native Plant Information Network = NPIN of the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center.
↑ Apios americana at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
^ JAE Seabrook, LA Dionne: Studies on the genus Apios. I. Chromosome number and distribution of Apios americana and A. priceana. In: Canadian Journal of Botany , Volume 54, 1976, pp. 2567-2572.
↑ ^a ^b Apios americana at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed November 17, 2016.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d data sheet at LegumeWeb - ILDIS World Database of Legumes , Version 10.01 from November 25, 2015.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Apios americana at Plants For A Future . Retrieved November 15, 2016.
↑ ^a ^b Hopniss: North America's best wild tuber? Also Known as Indian Potato or Groundnut from Sam Thayer: From The Forager. Volume 2, Issue 3, 2002.

Web links

Commons : Apios americana - collection of images, videos and audio files

Data sheet with many pictures from Schede di Botanica .

[GRIN-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Apios americana in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved November 17, 2016.

[Ecocrop-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Ecocrop of the NewCrop Database of the FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN .

[NewCROP-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Data sheet at NewCROP the New Crop Resource Online Program at Purdue University from James A. Duke: Handbook of Energy Crops. 1983.

[Ecoport-4] Ecocrop of the NewCrop Database of the FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN .

[Duke2000-5] James A. Duke: Handbook of Nuts: Herbal Reference Library. Crc Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0849336379 , p. 24.

[NewenglandWild-6] ta sheet with photos at Go Botany - Newengland Wild of the New England Wild Flower Society

[NPIN-7] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e data sheet at Native Plant Information Network = NPIN of the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center.

[IPCN-8] Apios americana at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

[Seabrook1976-9] JAE Seabrook, LA Dionne: Studies on the genus Apios. I. Chromosome number and distribution of Apios americana and A. priceana. In: Canadian Journal of Botany , Volume 54, 1976, pp. 2567-2572.

[Tropicos-10] Apios americana at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed November 17, 2016.

[ILDIS-11] ta sheet at LegumeWeb - ILDIS World Database of Legumes , Version 10.01 from November 25, 2015.

[PFAF-12] Apios americana at Plants For A Future . Retrieved November 15, 2016.

[Wildflowers-and-WeedsCom-13] Hopniss: North America's best wild tuber? Also Known as Indian Potato or Groundnut from Sam Thayer: From The Forager. Volume 2, Issue 3, 2002.