Rhynchosia

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Rhynchosia
Rhynchosia acuminatifolia, habit, three-part leaves, inflorescences and young fruits

Rhynchosia acuminatifolia , habit, three-part leaves, inflorescences and young fruits

Systematics
Eurosiden I
Order : Fabales (Fabales)
Family : Legumes (Fabaceae)
Subfamily : Butterflies (Faboideae)
Tribe : Phaseoleae
Genre : Rhynchosia
Scientific name
Rhynchosia
Lour.

Rhynchosia is a genus in the subfamily Schmetterlingsblütler (Faboideae) within the family of the Leguminosae (Fabaceae). There are 200 to 300 species in thegenus Rhynchosia ,which is found almost worldwide. It is one of the genera of the Faboideae, the species ofwhich are called beans .

description

Appearance and leaves

Rhynchosia TYPES grow as crawling, climbing or self-erect, perennial herbaceous plants , or rarely woody plants: Half bushes , shrubs or vines . They can be evergreen or deciduous. The climbing species wind their way up counterclockwise.

The arranged and alternate spiral or two lines distributed to the stem axis leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. The herbaceous to leathery leaf blades are pinnate unpaired. There are usually three pinna flake present, the leaf blades are therefore usually consist of three or is it just the terminal leaflet available. There is a pulvinus on the leaflets . The flat pinnate leaves are rhombic, egg-shaped, obovate, or circular with a wedge-shaped or rounded base and smooth, flat edge with a length of 1 to 5.5 cm. The underside of the leaflets is usually dotted with glands, with sessile glands. The two lateral leaflets are asymmetrical and the petioles of the terminal leaflets are more than four times as long as those of the lateral ones. Network nerves are present. If there are minor leaflets of the leaflets, they are tiny and bristle-shaped. The two durable or early falling stipules are often linear-lanceolate, free from each other and not fused with the petiole.

Section of a compound inflorescence with zygomorphic flowers of Rhynchosia acuminatifolia
Legumes of Rhynchosia acuminatifolia

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers are rarely single or usually in several in the lateral, simple or compound racemose inflorescences . The bracts usually fall off early. Cover sheets are missing.

The stalked, hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five unequal sepals are fused bell-shaped; of the five calyx teeth, the lowest one is only very short with the others and the two upper ones are mostly fused over almost their entire length. The corollas are longer than the calyx or short. The five petals can be nailed. The flower crowns have the typical structure of the butterfly flowers. The colors of the petals range from yellow or yellow with red to yellow with brown. The two lower petals have grown together to form a boat, which is curved inward. The two wings are curved inward. The two wings can be fused with the shuttle. The normally developed, circular or obovate flag is not spurred, but can have inwardly curved ears at the base. The ten fertile stamens are not fused with the petals. Of the ten fertile stamens, nine stamens have grown together to form a tube. All dust bags are the same and open with a longitudinal slit. The individual, more or less seated, upper carpels rarely contain one or mostly two ovules . The stylus, which is curved above its center, is usually hairy in the lower area and ends with a small scar. The nectar secretion takes place on the disc . The pollination is effected by insects ( Entomophilie ).

Seeds of Rhynchosia minima

Fruits and seeds

The more or less sedentary legumes are more or less flattened and with a length of 1.6 to 2.4 cm oblong, obscure-lanceolate, obovate-ellipsoid, oblique-circular, sickle-shaped or ellipsoid and are always beaked at the top . The legumes, which are flattened or puffed up, often glandular, are not septate or constricted between the seeds. The fruits that open when ripe only rarely contain one or mostly two seeds.

The seeds are usually almost circular in outline or kidney-shaped. The hilum is round and the seed stalk ( funiculus ) is in the middle. If there is a stanza it is relatively small. The unit of dissemination ( diaspore ) is the seed.

Herbarium from Rhynchosia hirta
Flowers of Rhynchosia monophylla

Systematics and distribution

The genus Rhynchosia was first published in 1790 by João de Loureiro as Canavali in Flora Cochinchinensis , 2, p. 425, 460. The type species is Rhynchosia volubilis Lour. According to the rules of the ICBN (Vienna ICBN Art. 14.4 & App. III), the generic name Rhynchosia is conserved compared to Dolicholus Medik. nom. rej. and Cylista Aiton nom. rej. Other synonyms for Rhynchosia Lour. nom. cons. are: Baukea Vatke , Copisma E. Mey . , Leycephyllum Piper , Nomismia Wight & Arn. , Orthodanum E. Mey . , Pitcheria Nutt.

The genus Rhynchosia belongs to the subtribe Cajaninae of the tribe Phaseoleae in the subfamily Faboideae within the family of the Fabaceae .

The genus Rhynchosia has an almost worldwide distribution; there are species in the tropics and subtropics .

There are 200 to 300 species of Rhynchosia :

red and black colored seeds of the crayfish bean ( Rhynchosia pyramidalis )

use

Some species are cultivated for the production of food. For example, plant parts of Rhynchosia diversifolia , Rhynchosia malacophylla , Rhynchosia minima , Rhynchosia memnonia , Rhynchosia senna , Rhynchosia sennaarensis , Rhynchosia sublobata are eaten.

Since they fix nitrogen ( Rhizobium root nodules ), they are important for soil improvement.

Some species are called piule in Mexico; its beautiful red and black seeds were probably used as narcotics by the Mexican civilizations . Some Rhynchosia species have tested positive for alkaloid levels, but their effects have not yet been characterized. The seeds of some species are used in folk medicine in some countries.

See also

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Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Ren Sa & Michael G. Gilbert: p. 223 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 10 - Fabaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2010. ISBN 978-1-930723-91-7
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Leslie Watson: Papilionaceae in the Western Australian Flora , 2008: Rhynchosia - Online.
  3. ^ A b c d C. Gardner & TA James: Rhynchosia in the New South Wales Flora Online .
  4. ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  5. ↑ a b Rhynchosia at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed June 29, 2013.
  6. ↑ a b c d Rhynchosia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
  7. ↑ Enter the taxon in the search mask at ILDIS = International Legume Database & Information Service - World Database of Legumes .
  8. ↑ Some Rhynchosia species at the FAO .
  9. ↑ data sheet at erowid.org .

Web links

Commons : Rhynchosia  - collection of images, videos and audio files