Mary Tudor (France)
Mary Tudor (born March 18, 1496 in Richmond Palace , † June 25, 1533 in Westhorpe , Suffolk ) was an English princess from the House of Tudor and Queen of France by marriage .
She was the youngest surviving daughter of King Henry VII of England and his wife Elizabeth of York . As the third wife of King Louis XII. of France she was Queen of France for a few months . After his death, she secretly married Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk , to the annoyance of her brother Henry VIII , who ultimately forgave her. Her granddaughter Jane Gray was Queen of England for a few days in 1553.
Mary Tudor should not be confused with Queen Mary I of England , her niece, who was named after her. In recent times she is often incorrectly referred to as the "Mary Rose", in association with the ship Mary Rose , which was also named after Mary Tudor.
Life
Childhood and youth
Mary was born as the fifth child and third daughter of her parents and grew up with her older siblings Margaret and Heinrich in Eltham Palace. Her birth was noted by her grandmother Lady Margaret Beaufort in her book of hours: "Hodie nata Maria tertia filia Henricis VII., 1495". There is no record of Mary's baptism, probably mainly because the general attention at the time was focused on the threat posed by Perkin Warbeck .
Nevertheless, the young princess did not lack public appearances. Mary was present as a four year old when Erasmus from Rotterdam paid Heinrich his visit to Eltham. Unlike her siblings, however, she did not have to take on a representative role and played during the scholar's visit. On November 14, 1501, at the age of six, she took part in the wedding celebrations of her eldest brother Arthur Tudor and his bride Katharina von Aragón , with whom Mary was to be a close friend throughout her life. For the celebration, Mary wore a new dress made of scarlet velvet. A little later, on January 25, Mary attended another wedding when her sister Margaret married the King of Scotland, James IV , by proxy in a solemn ceremony .
When she was eight years old, her mother died in childbed. Only a few weeks later, her sister Margaret left the English court to take her place as Queen of Scotland. In December 1507, at the age of twelve, Mary was betrothed to Charles of Castile, who was four years his junior and later to become Emperor Charles V. A few weeks after her 13th birthday, her father, the king, also died, leaving Mary's immediate family only of her grandmother Margaret Beaufort and her brother Heinrich, who was five years her senior. Her relationship with the young king, who now ascended the throne as Henry VIII , was very cordial and in the years to come Mary enjoyed unusual freedoms for a girl of her class at his court.
Mary was considered one of the most beautiful princesses in Europe. The Venetian ambassador described her as “tall, slim, gray-eyed and very paleness” and the scholar Erasmus even said of her that “nature has never shaped anything more beautiful”. Her beauty became particularly interesting for the marriage market when Heinrich finally broke off her engagement to Charles of Castile after years of postponement. After the war with France, Heinrich was interested in a more permanent alliance with the French royal family and initially considered joining his now widowed sister Margaret Tudor with the French King Louis XII. to get married. To his annoyance, however, Margaret married Archibald Douglas, and Ludwig was much more interested in Mary.
Mary, however, was not enthusiastic about the prospect of marrying a sick old man, especially since she was probably already in love with Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk , by then. It is not known how she reacted when Heinrich presented his plans to her. But it is certain that she finally made him promise that if she survived her husband, she would be able to choose her second husband herself. In a later letter to Heinrich she wrote:
“For the sake of peace and for the benefit of your affairs, you made me marry. Although I knew he was very old and sick, I was content to submit to you for the sake of the peace and your affairs. It was only because of your consolation and your promise that I submitted to this marriage, which I would otherwise never have entered into, as I made it clear to you at the time. "
Queen of France
At the age of 18, Mary married King Louis XII, 52. from France , who had no male offspring from two previous marriages. The marriage was concluded per procurationem by the Duke of Longueville in Greenwich Castle on August 19, 1514 and, legally binding, on October 9, 1514 in Abbeville with the king personally. After a few weeks of marriage, Ludwig described Mary as "the greatest jewel that a prince had ever received from another", that she behaved "wisely and virtuously" and that "no man could ever give his wife more heart because of her loving kind ”. He showered her with gifts and gave her income rights from several lands and cities in France, including Chinon , La Rochelle and Pézenas .
Although the king was charmed by his young, beautiful bride, the marriage itself was viewed with reluctance by some contemporaries. This is what Peter Martyr's letter of October 4, 1514 said:
“King Ludwig is waiting in Abbeville for his new bride, who will be his death. What an old patient who suffers from leprosy wants to do with a beautiful, eighteen-year-old girl and what the French think of it, the letter partner may conclude for himself. "
The morning after their wedding night held an unpleasant surprise in store for Mary. Ludwig dismissed all of her servants and a large part of the English court ladies from Mary's service, including her old governess Joan, Lady Guildford (around 1463–1538), called "Mother Guildford" by Mary. Her release was a painful loss to Mary, as Lady Guildford had cared for her and her sister Margaret from childhood. Angry and desperate, she wrote to Cardinal Wolsey and her brother:
“I would rather lose everything I get in France than lose your advice at times when I need it badly; I will need it very soon, which the nobles and nobles can confirm to you better than I can, because it is not appropriate for me to write more about it. "
The suggestion that it was not appropriate for her to write more suggested to some historians that Mary was referring to experiences on the wedding night which she may have told Lady Guildford. However, at Wolsey's request, Ludwig refused to reinstate Lady Guildford. His reason for this was:
“Since she had set foot in the country and also after he was already married, she began not only to rule the queen, but also decreed that the queen should not come to him without her and that no nobleman or lady with her in her absence the queen and she spread rumors and forged alliances with some ladies-in-waiting. He also said that since he was often sick and couldn't enjoy conjugal joys with his wife at any time, he didn't want strangers with her, but a lady he knew and whom he could joke in front of. "
Although the King said he loved Mary tenderly, he was unwilling to tolerate her governess with her any longer, since her presence apparently spoiled the joys of the marriage bed. In late October, Mary was comforted a little over Lady Guildford's loss when Charles Brandon visited her husband with an embassy in France. On November 5th, she was officially crowned Queen of France in the presence of the English guests. She would keep this title until the end of her life, including during her second marriage.
In her honor, Ludwig organized a tournament and at a grand reception Mary symbolically presented him with the gift of peace between England and France, which had become possible through her marriage to the king. The friendly relations between the two countries had a direct effect on the relationship between England and Scotland, which weakened the Auld Alliance and gave Heinrich more leeway. Through Mary's influence and Suffolk's persuasive skills, Ludwig was quite willing to support Henry in his policy against Scotland and to keep the new Regent of Scotland, John Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany , in France, which was Mary's sister Margaret Tudor , Queen of Scotland, provided respite in the struggle for their sons and their reign.
The youth of his queen seemed to give the aging king a second spring. He participated in courtly amusements more often than he had before the wedding, although he was already quite weak and often ill. He died just three months after the wedding. Malicious tongues claimed that Mary systematically "danced" her husband into the grave. Although Mary undoubtedly loved Charles Brandon, she always showed herself to Ludwig as a dutiful, loving wife. During Suffolk's visit, when the sick king received him in bed, Mary sat by his side and always wrote in her letters to Heinrich that the King of France treated her lovingly. Nevertheless, after Ludwig's death, Mary very quickly proved who her heart actually belonged to.
The king widow
After the death of the French king, Mary was the most attractive match on the European marriage market, which was further reinforced by the rumor that she was still a virgin. First, however, according to the French custom for queen widows, she had to spend 40 days of mourning with darkened windows and candlelight in the Palace Hotel de Cluny , also to see whether she was possibly pregnant with the future heir to the throne.
The time in the widow's room was anything but pleasant for Mary. Apart from the dreary, darkened surroundings, her future was more uncertain than ever. The new King of France, Francis I , seemed to have had an eye on the attractive young widow himself, for Mary wrote to her brother Henry VIII on February 15, 1515 that
“On the night of last Tuesday the French king came to her and asked if she had made a promise of marriage to anyone, assuring her that if she was open with him he would arrange the marriage, be it within his kingdom or outside. Then she admitted the feelings she had for Suffolk and asked him to write to Heinrich about it, which he has done since then. "
To appease her brother, Mary added that she
“Had replied to the French king in order to be freed from the annoyance of his courtship, which was detrimental to their honor and which he has now given up. Heinrich should consider that if he does not comply with her wishes (i.e. allowing her to marry Suffolk), Franz could resume his advertising. "
The last words of her letter show how much Mary feared for her future and how helpless she was during this time.
Her stately dowry was a bone of contention between Franz and Mary's brother. Heinrich insisted on repayment of the dowry, Franz was of the opinion that she and Mary's marriage had entered the French crown treasure. In addition, Franz feared that Mary could be married to a member of the House of Habsburg in a second marriage and thus establish an anti-French alliance. To negotiate the repayment of the dowry and Mary's future fate, Henry once again sent Charles Brandon to France, urging him to get the dowry back and then return home with Mary. Warned by his sister's letter, Heinrich must have already suspected that Mary would try to marry the man she loved as quickly as possible. Because of this, he specifically warned Charles not to marry Mary while he was in France.
It was no easy mission that Suffolk set out on. The story of Mary's feelings for him had evidently preceded him, for on February 27, Cardinal Wolsey received a report from France that rumors were circulating that Suffolk had only come to marry the king's widow. Franz himself, knowing of Mary's love for Suffolk, used this rumor to present himself to Suffolk as a helpful friend willing to support him should he decide to marry Mary. For the French king it was basically the best solution. With Mary remarrying, he himself would have a decisive advantage in the fight for her dowry, since she was no longer entitled to it in her second marriage. At the same time, he was able to ensure that Mary did not marry into a hostile royal house and thus give England an advantage over France. And by the way, he secured Suffolk and Mary's gratitude, which could only be of use to him on the diplomatic floor.
Secret marriage to Charles Brandon
The time of waiting and waiting became unbearable for Mary when two monks from England visited her in her widow's room and urgently advised her not to marry Suffolk. One of them was Friar Langley, who was experienced in advising royal widows of the House of Tudor. Only a year earlier in Scotland, he had expressed condolences to Mary's sister Margaret Tudor over the loss of her husband, James IV . To this young widow, however, he brought less comfort. Instead, he reinforced her fears that Heinrich was unwilling to let her marry at his own discretion. At the same time, he accused Charles Brandon of witchcraft and claimed that he had bewitched William Compton's leg so that it now had an ulcer.
Mary did not believe these rumors, but there were enough reasons for her to believe that Heinrich only wanted to bring her to England to lead her to the altar for the next politically motivated marriage. There was a tearful argument with Charles Brandon, in which she told him that he should either marry her in the next few days or that she would go to a convent. Given this decision, and knowing that the French king would support him, Suffolk agreed.
On May 13, 1515, Mary, widowed only four months, married Charles Brandon in a very small circle. In a letter to her brother, she justified this decision and reminded him of the promise he had made to her:
"I was content to submit to you for the sake of the peace and your affairs, so that if I survived the said late king, with your consent, I could marry freely without arousing your displeasure. Whereupon you, good brother, were so gracious to promise me, as you well know, that in this case [...] I should act according to my heart and conscience; and that you will agree with everyone I choose. "
This marriage angered her brother, not only because Suffolk had broken its promise, but also because any hope of a return of Mary's dowry was gone. Since the marriage had taken place in secret, was for Heinrich at best a hope for annulment of marriage, either by the fact that there was a lack of witnesses or because the marriage was not consummated. The latter, however, was undermined when Suffolk admitted in a letter to Wolsey: "To be frank, I have happily married her and attended her, so I believe she is expecting a child." That brought Heinrich before a fait accompli. If he had the marriage annulled, he could gain nothing. A sister with an illegitimate child could no longer be married off to a husband of her rank in order to promote a political alliance.
For several weeks, Suffolk and Mary took turns writing letters asking for forgiveness and assuming all guilt. Mary declared that she had forced her husband to break his promise, and Suffolk begged for his life, time and time again swearing his utter devotion to the angry king. Cardinal Wolsey finally managed to find a compromise with Mary and Suffolk undertaking to repay the entire dowry out of their own pocket to Henry in order to obtain his forgiveness. As a reconciliation gift, Mary sent her brother a splendid diamond, the so-called "Mirror of Naples", the loss of which enraged Franz so much that he refused to give her a worthy farewell gift when Mary left France. In order to remove the shadow of illegality from the marriage, Mary and Suffolk were married again in Greenwich, in the presence of the king, after their arrival in England.
Duchess of Suffolk
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Although Mary married Charles Brandon out of love, her marriage meant social decline for her. Strictly speaking, a woman was given the same social status as her husband upon marriage, which earned Mary the courtesy title of Duchess of Suffolk and the status of a duchess . Still, she was the king's sister, a princess by birth, and a former queen. This rank necessarily entailed the obligation to represent appropriately at court, that is, to regularly wear new, splendid robes, to have a minimum number of servants with them and to dress them regularly in new, splendid liveries. Apart from her husband's income, Mary received a widow's income from France, which, however, did not materialize in the event of war with England. Added to this were the debts Mary and Suffolk had with the king, which weighed heavily on their income.
Since a life at court thus far exceeded Mary's modest means, she spent much of the year in Suffolk at Westhorpe Hall. Her children were born here and her stepdaughters Anne and Mary Brandon, Suffolk's daughters from his marriage to Anne Browne, were brought into the household at Mary's instigation. Mary's marriage to Charles had four children, two sons named Henry Brandon and daughters Frances and Eleanor . The elder Henry Brandon died as early as 1522 at the age of six; his younger brother Henry Brandon, 1st Earl of Lincoln , was born one year after the death of the elder Henry and died one year after the death of his mother.
Another member of the household from 1527 was the young Katherine Willoughby , Suffolk's ward. She was engaged to the younger Henry Brandon during Mary's lifetime , but became Suffolk's fourth wife after Mary's death. She was about the same age as Mary's daughter Eleanor. In 1528 Mary also took her young niece Margaret Douglas , daughter of Margaret Tudor's second marriage, under her wing, and in 1530 she finally got a place in the suite of her niece and goddaughter, Princess Maria .
Due to her husband's amorous background, Mary had to fear for the legitimacy of her children for a while. Suffolk had first got engaged to Anne Browne, then left her for Margaret Mortimer, only to eventually separate from her and return to Anne. In 1508 he remarried Anne Browne and she gave birth to a second daughter, Mary Brandon, in 1510, but died only a few weeks later. A year after Anne Browne's death, Suffolk became engaged to his nine-year-old ward Elizabeth Gray, so that he could use the title Viscount of Lisle in her name . This promise of marriage was later canceled when Suffolk courted Margaret of Austria .
With that back and forth there was now a dispute as to whether Suffolk had even been a free man when he married Mary Tudor. The annulment of his marriage to Margaret Mortimer was not ratified by Rome at the time. Suffolk and Mary's children as well as his eldest daughter Anne would have been bastards and therefore not entitled to inheritance. Cardinal Wolsey then moved for a bull stating that the dispensation for marriage to Margaret Mortimer had been based on a mistake and that the marriage would not have been valid. This made the late Anne Browne and Mary Tudor Suffolk's only legitimate wives, and legitimized all of the children from these connections, no doubt a great relief to Mary. The legitimation increased Frances' and Eleanor's value on the marriage market abruptly and made their little brother Henry a potential heir to the throne, since Heinrich still had no son.
Mary and Anne Boleyn
Despite Mary's secret marriage to Charles and the debt she had to put up with in order to pay off her dowry, her relationship with her brother Heinrich was still very cordial. Their two sons were named after their uncle and Heinrich insisted that his sister receive all the honors due to a former queen at court. Heinrich named his first daughter Mary after her, as did his warship, Mary Rose . When Mary was ill in 1528 and therefore could not accompany her husband to court, she wrote to her brother that the sight of him would be the best medicine in the world for her and that she prayed that God would grant his heart's desire, which might result Heinrich's desire for a male heir related.
However, the relationship between the siblings became very strained when Heinrich began to take an interest in the lady-in-waiting Anne Boleyn . Anne was not a blank slate for Mary. She had been one of Mary's ladies-in-waiting who had accompanied her to France, so Mary knew her as a young girl. At that time, Mary Anne had requested for her household, so that her father Thomas Boleyn brought his daughter back from the court of Margarete of Austria . However, Anne Boleyn remained in the household of the new Queen Claude in France, so that the earliest possible time for the two to meet again may have been the meeting at the Camp du Drap d'Or . At the beginning of 1522 Mary Tudor and Anne Boleyn appeared together with other ladies at the English court in a masquerade in which they appropriately embodied the virtues "Beauty" - and "Perseverance" - perseverance.
When the papal envoy, Cardinal Lorenzo Campeggi, came to England in 1528 to review the marriage between Henry and Catherine of Aragón , Charles Brandon was summoned back to court. He and Mary were in company at a picnic near Butley Priory after a hunting excursion, and when the royal messenger appeared, Mary complained violently that "an envoy had ever come to England." Mary felt a deep friendship with Catherine of Aragon and, for that reason alone, took her side. Mary had been a close confidante of her sister-in-law since the king first noticed Anne Boleyn.
As early as the Christmas festivities in 1530, when Anne Boleyn was still not crowned, Heinrich paid her all the honors that a queen deserved. This gave Anne at court precedence over Mary, a slap in the face for the native princess and former queen. Because of this, Mary withdrew more often to her country estate Westhorpe in Suffolk. Mary's main weapon against Anne Boleyn's inexorable rise was to avoid her as often as possible. She also made snappy remarks that were apparently heard and passed on by servants. In 1531 a violent argument broke out between her husband's servants and Anne Boleyn's uncle, Thomas Howard , owing to their abuse, which ended with Suffolk's servant, Sir William Pennington, being stabbed to death in front of the altar in Westminster Abbey . Officially it was said that there was a dispute between the servants.
In the last few years of her life, Mary was in poor health, and she used her illness as an excuse to stay away from the court. In 1532 it was her reason why she could not take part in Anne Boleyn's elevation to the Marchioness of Pembroke. It was also a good reason not to have to accompany Anne and Heinrich to France, where a meeting with King Francis I had been arranged, who, with his help, had once made it possible for her to marry Charles Brandon. It was viewed by many as an intentional snub to Anne Boleyn as not a single royal lady was with Anne. Mary did not show up at Anne's coronation either, but at this point she was already terminally ill.
There are various assumptions as to why Mary Anne rejected Boleyn so strictly. Your friendship with Catherine of Aragón is certainly a crucial reason. Some historians also speculate that something had happened between the two in France, which laid the foundation for Mary's enmity. Anne Boleyn, according to one theory, could have been a witness at the court of Margaret of Austria when Charles Brandon, incited by Henry VIII, courted Margaret between 1513 and 1514. The affair, if it was one and not just a gimmick in courtly love, ultimately came to nothing, but took place at a time when Mary was very likely already in love with Charles. Perhaps, it is believed, when Charles married the king's widow, Anne had made a derogatory comment about his amorous past. However, there is no solid evidence to support this thesis.
death
Mary Tudor died in Westhorpe on June 25, 1533, shortly after the marriage of her eldest daughter Frances Brandon to Henry Gray . Accompanied by her younger daughter Eleanor, Mary had returned to Westhorpe and fell ill almost instantly. Rumors circulated that Anne Boleyn's coronation on June 1st broke Mary's heart. The embalmed body was laid out for three weeks and a permanent wake was held. The funeral took place on July 20th in Bury St. Edmunds , with Suffolk traditionally staying away. Back then, it was considered improper for a husband to attend his wife's funeral. The ceremonial role of the main victim was taken on by Frances Brandon. Henry Brandon was by her side, followed by Eleanor Brandon and Katherine Willoughby. Behind them walked Mary's stepdaughters Anne and Mary Brandon. It was later alleged that the two had pushed themselves to the head of the funeral procession to brand their half-siblings as illegitimate. Just weeks after Mary's funeral, Charles Brandon married his fourteen-year-old ward, Katherine Willoughby, probably for financial reasons.
Afterlife
Mary Tudor suggested various artistic arrangements. It is one of the central figures in the novel as chivalry in flower stand ( When Knighthood What in Flower , 1898) by Charles Major. In the second film version of this book, When Knighthood Was in Flower (1922) by Robert G. Vignola , Marion Davies played Mary Tudor; Glynis Johns took over in the Walt Disney version A Princess in Love ( The Sword and the Rose , 1953) this role. Further films in which her person is of central importance are Marie Tudor (1917) with Jeanne Delvair in the title role, and The Pearls of the Crown ( Les perles de la couronne , 1937), where she is played by Yvette Pienne.
In the television series The Tudors , Mary's marriage to the old king and then to Charles Brandon is treated fictionally. However, Mary, played by Gabrielle Anwar , is wrongly the older sister and is also called Margaret, which is why Mary Tudor is often confused with her older sister Margaret Tudor, especially in recent times . In addition, her old husband is the King of Portugal instead of France and is suffocated with a pillow by Princess Margaret so that she can return to England with Charles Brandon. The character is portrayed in the series as self-centered, emotionally unstable and lustful, the marriage with Charles Brandon is portrayed as marked by quarrels and infidelity, which cannot be proven historically.
progeny
- Henry Brandon (1516-1522)
- Frances Brandon (1517–1559) ⚭ Henry Gray, 1st Duke of Suffolk ; Parents of Mary , Catherine and Lady Jane Gray
- Eleanor Brandon (* around 1518 / 21–1547), ⚭ Henry Clifford, Earl of Cumberland; Parents of Margaret Clifford
- Henry Brandon (1523-1534), Earl of Lincoln
Due to their descent from Mary Tudor, their children and their descendants automatically received a place in the line of succession. Her granddaughter Jane became Queen of England for nine days, and her granddaughters Catherine Gray and Margaret Clifford both claimed the rank of Heir Presumptive for a time . Jane Gray was executed as a traitor; Catherine, Mary and Margaret were all sequentially arrested under Queen Elizabeth I.
literature
- Maria Perry: The Sisters of Henry VIII. The Tumultuous Lives of Margaret of Scotland and Mary of France . Da Capo Press Edition, Boulder CO 2000, ISBN 0-306-80989-3 (English).
Web links
- Biography
- Book of her life on Archive.org ( Mary Anne Everett Green: Lives of the Princesses of England, from the Norman Conquest , Volume 5, London 1857)
Individual evidence
- ^ Maria Perry: Sisters to the King: The tumultuous lives of Henry VIII's sisters - Margaret of Scotland and Mary of France , p. 18
- ^ Maria Perry: Sisters to the King: The tumultuous lives of Henry VIII's sisters - Margaret of Scotland and Mary of France , p. 25
- ↑ [1] "... for the good of peace and for the furtherance of your affairs you moved me to marry [...]. Though I understood that he was very aged and sickly, yet for the advancement of the said peace , and for the furtherance of your causes, I was contented to conform myself to your said motion [...] And upon that, your good comfort and faithful promise, I assented to the said marriage, which else I would never have granted to , as at the same time I showed unto you more at large. "
- ^ [2] Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 1: 1509-1514
- ^ [3] Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 1: 1509-1514
- ↑ [4] "... King Louis is at Abbeville waiting for his new bride, who will be his death. What an old valetudinarian, suffering from leprosy (elephantia gravatus), can want with a handsome girl of 18 his correspondent may infer , and what the French think of it. "
- ↑ [5] "I had as ran loose the winning I shall have in France as to lose her counsel when I shall lack it; which is not like long to be required, as I am sure the noblemen and gentlemen can show you more than get me to write in this matter. "
- ↑ [6] "... for as soon as she came a lond, and also when he was married, she began to take upon her not only to rule the Queen, but also that she should not come to him, but she should be with her, nor that no lady nor lord should speak with her but she should hear it, and began to set a murmur and banding amongst ladies of the Court. [...] al [so he said] that he is a sickly body and not at all times that ... be merry with his wife, to have any strange wo [man with her] but one that he is well acquainted with [al afore whom he] durst be merry "
- ^ [7] | Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 1: 1509-1514
- ^ Dulcie M. Ashdown: Tudor Cousins: Rivals for the Throne , p. 15
- ^ Maria Perry: The Sisters of Henry VIII. The Tumultuous Lives of Margaret of Scotland and Mary of France . Da Capo Press Edition, Boulder CO 2000, p. 151
- ↑ [8] "Last Tuesday night the French King visited her and asked if she had made any promise of marriage, assuring her that if she would be plain with him he would promote it, whether it were in his realm or out of it. She then confessed to him the good mind she bore to Suffolk, and begged he would write to Henry on his behalf, as he has since done. Answered the French King thus in order to be relieved of the annoyance of his suit, which was not to her honor, and which he has now given up. Begs him to consider that if he do not favor her wishes Francis may renew his suit. "
- ^ [9] Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 2: 1515-1518
- ↑ [10] Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 2: 1515-1518
- ↑ [11] "I was contented to conform myself to your said motion, so that if I should fortune to survive the said late king I might with your good will marry myself at my liberty without your displeasure. Whereunto, good brother, you condescended and granted, as you well know, promising unto me that in such case [...] mine own heart and mind should be best pleased; and that wheresoever I should dispose myself, you would wholly be contented with the same. "
- ↑ [12] "... to be plain with you, I have married her harettylle and has lyen wyet her, in soo moche [as] I fyer me lyes that sche by wyet chyld."
- ^ [13] Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 2: 1515-1518
- ↑ Linda Porter: Mary Tudor. The First Queen , p. 77
- ^ Maria Perry: Sisters to the king: The tumultuous lives of Henry VIII's sisters - Margaret of Scotland and Mary of France , p. 122
- ^ Dulcie M. Ashdown: Tudor Cousins: Rivals for the Throne , p. 16.
- ^ Maria Perry: Sisters to the king: The tumultuous lives of Henry VIII's sisters - Margaret of Scotland and Mary of France , p. 240
- ^ Maria Perry: Sisters to the King: The tumultuous lives of Henry VIII's sisters - Margaret of Scotland and Mary of France , p. 245
- ^ Maria Perry: Sisters to the King: The tumultuous lives of Henry VIII's sisters - Margaret of Scotland and Mary of France , p. 244, "... that a legate should ever come into England"
- ↑ Eric Ives : The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn. Blackwell Publishing Professional, 2005
- ^ Maria Perry: Sisters to the King: The tumultuous lives of Henry VIII's sisters - Margaret of Scotland and Mary of France , p. 284
| predecessor | Office | Successor |
|---|---|---|
| Anne de Bretagne |
Queen of France 1514–1515 |
Claude de France |
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Tudor, Mary |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Tudor, Maria; Mary of England |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | English princess, queen of France |
| DATE OF BIRTH | March 18, 1496 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Richmond Palace |
| DATE OF DEATH | June 25, 1533 |
| Place of death | Westhorpe (Suffolk) |