Max Black

The title of this article is ambiguous. For the German soccer player, see Max Schwarze (soccer player) .

Max Schwarze (born February 22, 1874 in Lockwitz , † January 2, 1928 in Dresden ) was a pioneer in sports science .

Life

Max Schwarze's resting place at the Weißer Hirsch forest cemetery

Schwarze was born in Lockwitz, a suburb of Dresden. After attending the teachers' college in Pirna from 1888 to 1894, he became a teacher and instructor in this place. In 1895 he attended the gymnastics teacher training institute in Dresden and worked from 1896 to 1913 as a seminar teacher at the teachers 'seminar in Zschopau , and in 1913 at the teachers' seminar in Plauen / Vogtland . From 1914 to 1918 he served as a soldier in the First World War . He then taught at the Freiherrlich von Fletcher's teachers' seminar in Dresden and published the specialist newspaper “Leben undlesen”.

The gym teacher made a name for himself as the author of textbooks for the individual gymnastics departments and disciplines. For this reason, his critical remarks about the participation of women in gymnastics were heard. At the 13th German Gymnastics Festival in Munich (July 14th to 18th, 1923), gymnasts were not only tolerated but encouraged for the first time. They were even allowed to take part in competitions. Black, at that time the male gymnastics supervisor of the German Gymnastics Association (DT), replied skeptically that the "gymnastics of women, if she wants to evade unnaturalism, must have its center in a delicate and beautiful torso culture" and that only such forms of competition should find a place in women's gymnastics, " for which we [the men] can also answer ”.

Schwarze said in the book of the German Gymnastics Association: "Quiet everyday work, the gymnastics clubs, is the deepest meaning of gymnastics life, and if it is fruitful and uplifting, its fulfillment as well."

After the First World War, Schwarze first noticed the influence of height in the high jump in a men's gymnastics competition. He made the same observation on the shot put. On the other hand, there was no direct dependence during the run. In the case of gymnastics, the results were just the opposite. On average, the little ones did the best. Overall, however, Schwarze then concluded that the advantage of the older ones in popular exercises far outweighed that of the younger ones in apparatus gymnastics.

From 1921 to 1923, Schwarze taught as a teacher at the Fletcher teachers' seminar in Dresden and then worked as a lecturer at the Dresden Pedagogical Institute, which until 1936 belonged to the Dresden Technical University. With a view to a looming repetition of “Carthage's downfall”, the later Oberturnwart was able to ask the question: “Are we really ripe for destruction?” “All apparatus gymnastics,” wrote Schwarze in 1926, was “basically a matter of natural originality (...) You are apart from life itself. ”At the 19th German Turntag on 27./28. August 1926 in Bremen, Max Schwarze was elected to succeed Arno Kunath as DT-Oberturnwart.

The publicist and publisher of anti-Semitic writings Theodor Fritsch asserted in the "Handbuch der Judenfrage - the most important facts for judging the Jewish people" (Leipzig 1944,) that the Jewish question should not be judged religiously, but racially, was not yet common knowledge at that time . P. 380). "Neither the religious denomination nor the political convictions should have anything to say here," wrote Max Schwarze.

Schwarzes early death on January 2, 1928, ended an era that seemed technically hopeful. Shortly before he died, he played a key role in the organization of the 14th German Gymnastics Festival on the Rhine (Cologne, July 25-30, 1928).

The 20th German Gymnastics Day on 4th / 5th October 1929 in Berlin had a special external framework, because it took place in the German Reichstag . As Oberturnwart, Carl Steding from Bremen received the trust of the Turntag, who had already temporarily held this post after Schwarze's death.

Schwarze found his final resting place in the Weißer Hirsch forest cemetery , a cemetery on the edge of the Dresden Heath .

Works

Among the specialist books written by Max Schwarze are:

• The book of the German Gymnastics Association: Honor the old, teach the young . Dresden 1925 (2nd, improved edition). Here, Schwarze presented gymnastics as a “community of thoughts and hearts of the German people”. The content: How the German Turnerschaft became / What the German Turnerschaft wants / What the German Turnerschaft does in terms of gymnastics / How the German Turnerschaft is set up.

• Children's gymnastics in the gymnastics club . Leipzig 1923 (2nd edition)
• The referee book of the German Gymnastics Association, Dresden 1924

German apparatus gymnastics in the development years - an aid book for clubs and schools . Dresden 1926 (3rd edition)

• Attempt of an encyclopedia of physical exercises , Volume 2, Part II. Dresden 1930 (as co-editor)
• Co-founder of the German folk gymnastics . Dresden 1931
• Words for contemplative hours . Edited by Wilhelm Braungardt, Hilden 1949
• Preface to the German gymnastics establishing the turn places after the original edition from 1816 . 1928.

Honors

The memorial stone for Max Schwarze in Hohenstein-Ernstthal

• In Dresden-Lockwitz and Pirna , but also in the Ruhr area in Bottrop, there are streets named after Max Schwarze. The Max-Schwarze-Straße in Dresden only reveals its secret on closer inspection.
• In Hohenstein-Ernstthal there is a large memorial stone in honor of Max Schwarz on the Pfaffenberg between the mountain inn and the gym. It was set up by the gymnasts in the 1930s. The address was given by Paul Hiemann, 2nd chairman of the gymnastics club in 1856.

literature

• Matthias Blazek: Max Schwarze found his final resting place in the forest cemetery in 1928 , in: Community letter of the Ev.-Luth. Parish Dresden Bad Weißer Hirsch February – March 2010, p. 11
• Wilhelm Braungardt: Max Schwarze - A memorial dedicated to the German Gymnastics Association , Dresden: Wilhelm Limpert Verlag 1930
• Dieter Fricke: The bourgeois parties in Germany: Handbook of the history of the bourgeois parties and other bourgeois interest organizations from Vormärz to 1945 , Volume 1, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Historical Institute, Leipzig 1968, p. 607
• Hartmut E. Lissinna: National sports festivals in National Socialist Germany , Mannheimer Historische Forschungen, Vol. 12, Ludwigshafen am Rhein: Lux 1997, p. 29 ISBN 978-3-938031-04-9
• Siegfried Moosburger: Ideology and physical education in the 19th and 20th centuries , Munich: Hofmann, Schorndorf 1970, p. 242 ISBN 978-3-7780-8402-1
• Raimund Sobotka: The principle in naturalness in physical education (Phil. Diss. Vienna 1967), Vienna: Verlag Notring 1968, p. 134
• Gabriela Wesp: Fresh, pious, happy, woman: women and sport during the Weimar Republic , Sulzbach / Taunus: Ulrike Helmer Verlag 1998, p. 144 ISBN 3-89741-002-8
• Beckmanns Sportlexikon, Leipzig / Vienna: Otto Beckmann 1933, p. 1989

Web links

• Literature by and about Max Schwarze in the catalog of the German National Library

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Piel, Friedrich, redesign of the all-around competition - based on 10,000 performance measurements at the Marburg youth, Celle 1937, p. 13.
2. ↑ Schwarze, Max, "The soul of the German Turnerschaft", in: Fest-Zeitung for the 13th German Gymnastics Festival Munich 1923, No. 2, May 1923, p. 21.
3. ^ Taken from: Krüger, Michael, Introduction to the History of Physical Education and Sports - From the Beginnings to the 18th Century, Munich 2004, p. 40.
4. ↑ Cf. Horn, Gernot, "The gymnastics movement owes a lot to him: Alexander Dominicus - Chairman of the German Gymnastics Association until 1933", www.jahn-museum.de  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link became automatic marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 782 kB).  
5. ↑ Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig; Eiselen, Ernst, The German gymnastics art for the establishment of the gymnasiums according to the original edition from 1816, source books of the physical exercises, Vol. 4, Dresden 1928. In his foreword, Schwarze suspects that the political part must come from Jahn, the gymnastics part from Eiselen, because the latter It was it who tried out and bundled all the relevant ideas on the gymnasium.
6. ↑ Official Journal Hohenstein-Ernstthal 07/2006, p. 17, www.hohenstein-ernstthal.de ( Memento of the original from October 26, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .