Melanotaenia

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Melanotaenia
Melanotaenia fluviatilis from the Murray River

Melanotaenia fluviatilis from the Murray River

Systematics
Perch relatives (Percomorphaceae)
Ovalentaria
Superordinate : Earfish relatives (Atherinomorphae)
Order : Earfish (Atheriniformes)
Family : Rainbow fish (Melanotaeniidae)
Genre : Melanotaenia
Scientific name
Melanotaenia
Gill , 1862

Melanotaenia is the most species-rich genus of the rainbow fish (Melanotaeniidae)found in Australia, New Guinea and some neighboring smaller islands. About two thirds of all rainbow fish species belong to it. The genus name refers to a black longitudinal stripe on the body sides of the type species , the black-banded rainbow fish ( Melanotaenia nigrans ). "Melanos" (μελανός) means black in Greek , "taenia" comes from Latin and means stripe.

features

Melanotaenia species are 5.5 to 13 cm long and have a strongly flattened body. The genus is not monophyletic and extremely variable. The type species Melanotaenia nigrans reaches medium size for a rainbow fish and remains relatively slim even with age, like some other species (e.g. M. duboulayi and M. fluviatilis ). Many of the larger species, however, become very high back with age. Even among the smaller species that remain there are high-backed (e.g. M. pygmaea ) and slender forms (e.g. Melanotaenia exquisita , Melanotaenia gracilis and Melanotaenia maccullochi ). Some species are inconspicuously colored (e.g. M. eachamensis ), others are more colorful (e.g. M. boesemani , M. parkinsoni and M. trifasciata ). The difference between the sexes is difficult to discern in some species, but clearly pronounced in others. In these cases, the males are often much more colorful, higher back and have pointed fins.

The mouth is terminal, but the lower jaw can protrude slightly. In contrast to the closely related genus Chilatherina , the premaxillary has a clear kink, in contrast to the genus Glossolepis , in which the rear edge of the scale is sawn, the scales of Melanotaenia are smooth behind.

Systematics

The genus Melanotaenia is not monophyletic . The cladogram below shows the relationships between the species groups and with the genera Chilatherina and Glossolepis .


  West  clade  

 Melanotaenia vom Vogelkop including Bomberai Peninsula and Waigeo


   
  North clade  

 Chilatherina ,  Glossolepis,  and some  Melanotaenia from Northern New Guinea


  South clade  

 Melanotaenia from Australia, the Aru Islands, and South New Guinea



Template: Klade / Maintenance / Style

The Australian ichthyologists and rainbow fish experts Gerald Allen and Peter Unmack divide the genus into three geographical groups based on morphological and genetic comparisons. The Melanotaenia species from the Vogelkopf Peninsula form one group, the Australian and southern New Guinea fish and the fish from northern New Guinea form another. New Guinea is divided by a central mountain range consisting of the Maoke Mountains in the Indonesian province of Papua and the Bismarck Mountains in Papua New Guinea . The geographical isolation leads to allopatric speciation .

Many species of rainbow fish are based on long ago, sometimes multiple, natural hybridizations with subsequent backcrossing of different species ( introgression ). For example, the mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) from M. maccullochi has been replaced by the mtDNA from M. splendida in the past ; this in turn had previously been replaced by that of an ancestor of M. maccullochi . Even today there are occasional natural crosses of the species.

species

There are over 80 species of Melanotaenia described , more than half of which are found in the Indonesian western part of New Guinea.

The species listed in the genus Melanotaenia are in detail according to their relationship and geographic grouping:

Western line

Melanotaenia species from Vogelkop , the Bomberai Peninsula and the offshore islands

  • Melanotaenia mairasi Allen & Hadiaty , 2011; occurs at the interface between the distribution areas of the species of the western and southern clades. The ancestor of this species is the earliest known split in the family tree within the genus Melanotaenia .
  • Waigeo group
Melanotaenia boesemani
Melanotaenia parva

Northern line

Melanotaenia species from northern New Guinea

Melanotaenia praecox

The following species cannot be assigned more precisely within the northern clade due to a lack of genetic data

Southern line

Melanotaenia species from southern New Guinea, the Aru Islands, and Australia

Melanotaenia duboulayi
Melanotaenia parkinsoni
Melanotaenia splendida
Melanotaenia lacustris
Melanotaenia trifasciata
Melanotaenia sexlineata

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Schubert (1991), pp. 29-31.
  2. ↑ Sterba (1990), p. 620.
  3. ↑ Schubert (1991), pp. 153-157.
  4. ↑ a b Unmack, Allen, Johnson: Phylogeny and biogeography of rainbowfishes (Melanotaeniidae) from Australia and New Guinea . In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . tape 67 , 2013, p. 15-27 .
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h Nugraha, MFI, Kadarusman, Hubert, N., Avarre, JC, Hadiaty, RK, Slembrouck, J., Carman, O., Sudarto, Ogistira, R. & Pouyaud L. (2015 ): Eight new species of Rainbowfishes (Melanotaeniidae) from the Birds Head Region, West Papua, Indonesia. Cybium, 39 (2): 99-130.
  6. ↑ a b Hammer, MP, Allen, GR, Martin, KC, Adams, M. & Unmack, PJ (2019): Two new species of dwarf rainbowfishes (Atheriniformes: Melanotaeniidae) from northern Australia and southern New Guinea. Zootaxa, 4701 (3): 201-234. DOI: 10.11646 / zootaxa.4701.3.1
  7. ↑ Allen, GR, Hadiaty, RK, Unmack, PJ & Erdmann, MV (2015): Rainbowfishes (Melanotaenia: Melanotaeniidae) of the Aru Islands, Indonesia with descriptions of five new species and redescription of M. patoti Weber and M. senckenbergianus Weber . aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology, 21 (2): 66-108.

Web links

Commons : Melanotaenia  - collection of images, videos and audio files