Memorandum
A mnemonic (also mnemonic , watch rime , memory verse , learning slogan , or the like; rarely donkey conductor ; in Latin pons asinorum / pons asini ) is a mnemonic for impressing information ( memorizing ).
The associative working method of memory is used to memorize facts. A memorandum that expresses an unusual circumstance uses visual memory , a rhymed memorandum uses acoustic memory. In one form of memorandum, its first letters refer to an ordered list of words.
Memories have a similar function to memos , which are helpful in learning the correct spelling of words.
Memories to memorize practical rules of life are called proverbs (Greek Chrie ).
Origin of the term "Eselsbrücke"
Donkeys are very afraid of water and persistently refuse to wade through even the smallest watercourses, even if they could easily cope with them physically ("stubborn donkey"), because a donkey cannot see how deep the brook is through the reflective surface of the water. Therefore, small bridges were built for them in fords , the so-called "donkey bridges".
Analogous to this, a proverbial donkey bridge is a detour or a special effort, which nevertheless leads to the goal faster - or at all.
In addition, a donkey does not go over every bridge, because it only places its hoof on the ground that it feels completely comfortable. He only crosses a bridge that gives him security. Thus the "donkey bridge" also stands for safety.
In the mathematical literature, the name Eselsbrücke is associated with the famous basic angle law in Euclidean geometry . The well-known geometer Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter writes in Immortal Geometry : “The name Eselsbrücke (pons asinorum) for this famous sentence probably comes from the shape of the figure in Euclid, similar to a bridge ... and from the remark that someone who has such a bridge cannot cross, a donkey is ... "
Examples
The following table shows some examples. A more extensive collection can be found in the list of memorabilia .
Area of Expertise | theme | Facts | Memorandum | ||||||||||||
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music | Order of the guitar strings | EADGHE (also from low to high, or on the instrument from top to bottom) |
E ine a lte D ame g ing H eringe e SEN. E in A nfänger d he G itarre h abe E IFER. |
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music | Order of the cello strings | CGDA | C ellisten g arbors d ir a verything! | ||||||||||||
music | Order of the major keys with increasing number of sharps | GDAEH Fis |
G eh, d u a lter E sel, h ole Fis ch. G eh, d u a LTES E kel, h ole Fis che. |
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music | Order of major keys with increasing number of b | FB Es As Des Ges |
F innovative B rötchen it sen As sessoren of Ges angs. F ritz b ekommt There sen a u s Des sau tot chickt. |
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music | Order of the spaces between notes | FACE |
F ritz a ß C itronen- E is. F -driven a ns C Lavier, E mil! |
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music | Order of the staff lines | EGHDF |
E s g eht h urtig d urch F leiß. E ine G ans h at d icke F ows. |
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Geography | Stalactite caves | Stalactites grow from the ceiling, stalagmites from the floor, stalagmites have grown together. |
Tit th hang rental en rise (resp. The Myth s are sharp mountains), a seam holds something together. |
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Geography | Order of the cardinal points |
North , east , south , west (starting with north - clockwise) |
N ie o teeth S Eife w ash. N ie o teeth S Chuhe w other. In the east the sun rises, |
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history | Order of Chancellors after the Second World War |
Adenauer , Erhard , Kiesinger , Brandt , Schmidt , Kohl , Schröder , Merkel (from 1949 until now) |
A lle e hemaligen K anzler b rings s amstags k a S Emmeln m it. A uch s in k eater B ube s chlägt k a s cheue M from. |
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history | Order of the Federal Presidents after the Second World War |
Heuss , Lübke , Heinemann , Scheel , Carstens , Weizsäcker , Herzog , Rau , Köhler , Wulff , Gauck (from 1949 to 2017) |
Hay te l ässt Hein rich s a C HEF w species, Her 's r uppiger K ollege wu rde g efeuert. | ||||||||||||
astronomy | Order of the planets of the solar system (from inside to outside) |
Mercury , Venus , Earth , Mars , Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , Neptune ( Pluto is no longer a planet since September 2006.) |
Me in V ater e rklärt m ir j Eden S onntag u nseren N night sky. (Obsolete: "... u ur n eun P laneten.") Me in Ve tter he counts ma nchem Ju quietly union sa mstags for comic Ne uigkeiten. |
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astronomy | Order of the spectral classes of stars | OBAFGKMRNS |
O h, B e A F ine G irl, K iss M e R ight N ow. S mack! O ffenbar b enutzen A stronomen f urchtbar g s k omische M erksätze. R portant n ett. |
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Computer science | Order of the layers in the OSI 7-layer reference model | Physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, application |
From bottom to top: |
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chemistry | The elements of the 2nd period in the periodic table | Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, Ne |
Li ebe Be rta, b itte c OMM n maybe o hne f generic Ne lken. |
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chemistry | The elements of the first main group in the periodic table ( alkali metals ) | H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr | H allo, li boar Na Chbar, k OMM r ü b it. C ä s ar fr ated. | ||||||||||||
chemistry | Redox reactions and electron transfer | Oxidation is the withdrawal of electrons. Reduction is the addition of electrons. |
Oil rig (Eng. "Oil rig") = O xidation i s l oss, r eduction i s g ain. |
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Latin | Endings in the neuter of the nominative and accusative cases | Same endings in the nominative and accusative case | The neutras have, remember, the case one and four! |
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Latin | Adjectives of the 3rd declension: pauper (poor), vetus (old), dives (rich), princeps (prince), particeps (partly). | The poor old rich prince is attending. | |||||||||||||
Latin | The personal endings of the verbs in the six personal forms: -o (1st Pers. Sin.), -S (2nd Pers. Sin.), -T (3rd Pers. Sin), -mus (1st Pers. Pl. ), -tis (2nd pers. pl.), -nt (3rd pers. pl.) | After East en mus s Tis chlers e nt s go. After East en mus s tis e nt go chen. |
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mathematics | trigonometry | The capital letters describe the trigonometric functions in mathematics.
G - opposite side A - adjacent side H - hypotenuse |
GAGA Hühner Hof AG Or (in the order numerator, denominator, numerator, etc.): G Ustav H ausers a lte H ennen g ackern a m A bend g erne. |
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medicine | Lordosis | A lordosis (in contrast to kyphosis ) means the forward curvature of the spine. | The Lord stands around rather "elegant", that is, with his stomach arched forward. | ||||||||||||
physics | Ohm's law | U = R * I
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The Swiss canton or the first name Uri . Alternatively: RUdI , R = U: I ( R = U through I ) |
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physics | Lens (optics) , curved surfaces | concave: the surface is curved inwards. convex: the surface is curved outwards |
The R ex is conv ex , the slave av 'is concave av . |
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Physics (thermodynamics) | Fundamental thermodynamic equations | Guggenheim notation scheme for the state variables U, V, F, T, G, p, H, S | U nglaublich v everal F esearchers t Drink g erne P ils h interm S chreibtisch. | ||||||||||||
General knowledge | Time change ( daylight saving time ) | In spring (summer time) the clocks are put forward one hour, in autumn one hour back. | In spring you put the garden chairs in front of the house, in autumn you put them back inside. Reading English and thinking German: spring forward, fall back (in spring before , in autumn back ). |
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General knowledge | Gross / net | Gross value: usually denotes a compound size which, reduced by certain parts, results in the remaining size ( net )
Net value: without a specific, mostly undesirable part of the total |
Gross is brut al much, Net is net more so much. |
See also
- List of sayings
- Keyword method
- acrostic
- Rule of thumb
- Memory sport
- Flashcard
- Loci method
- Major system
- PVO system
- Number-rhyme system
Further use of the word "learning aid"
- Reading aid , widely used printed matter for schools and universities
literature
- Hans-Jürgen Winkler: Eselsbrücken - Gedächtnisstützen , Humboldt-Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 1972, ISBN 3-581-66197-7
- Wolfgang Ettig: Memory training with donkey bridges . In: Falken library . Falken, Niedernhausen 1994, ISBN 3-8068-1388-4 .
- Ursula Oppolzer: 4-7-6 - Rome was ex . 265 old and new donkey bridges. Knaur-TB, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-426-79835-5 .
- Wolfgang Riede: Duden general education - Eselsbrücken . The most beautiful mnemonics and their meaning. Bibliographisches Institut, Mannheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-411-04180-0 .
- Helga Schmidt: Donkey bridges . This is how you can help your memory. Edition XXL, Fränkisch-Crumbach 2007, ISBN 978-3-89736-898-9 .
- Stefan Strixner: 7-5-3 Rome hatches out of the egg . Donkey bridges for quick markers. Gondrom, Bindlach 2007, ISBN 978-3-8112-2944-0 .
- Albert J. Urban: Donkey bridges for bright minds . Area, Erftstadt 2005, ISBN 978-3-89996-488-2 (license from UrbanPlus, Traitsching-Loifling).
- Dieter Neubauer : Donkey bridges to chemistry - easy access to a difficult science . Springer Fachmedien, Wiesbaden 2017, ISBN 978-3-658-17729-4 .
- Helge Weinrebe: Donkey bridges . 400 memory aids and how to build them yourself. Anaconda, Cologne 2014, ISBN 978-3-7306-0148-8 .
- HSM Coxeter : Immortal Geometry (German translation from: Introduction to Geometry, Wiley, 1961) . Birkhäuser, Basel [a. a.] 1963.
Web links
- mnemonic-device.com - English-speaking donkey bridges
- Collection of donkey bridges from different subject areas
Individual evidence
- ↑ Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter: Immortal Geometry , Birkhäuser 1963, 2nd edition 1981 (English original: Introduction to Geometry , Wiley, 1961, 2nd edition 1969), p. 19
- ^ Eselsbrücke: List of circle of fifths memorabilia. Retrieved February 27, 2017 .