Needle pale sporot

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Needle pale sporot
Micromphale.perforans .-. Lindsey.jpg

Needle-pale sprout ( Paragymnopus perforans )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)
Family : Omphalotaceae
Genre : Paragymnopus
Type : Needle pale sporot
Scientific name
Paragymnopus perforans
( Hoffm  .: Fr. ) JS Oliveira

The needle-pale sporot ( Paragymnopus perforans , syn. Gymnopus perforans, Marasmiellus perforans , Micromphale perforans ) is a species of fungus from the family of the Omphalotaceae and the type of the genus Paragymnopus . It is also called needle dizziness , needle dwarf dizziness or needle stink dizziness . The small, inconspicuous, dizzying fungus that often grows in droves in the coniferous litter of spruce forests is primarily characterized by its disgusting smell, reminiscent of rotting cabbage.

features

Macroscopic features

The 0.5–1.5 cm wide, newly arched, but soon flattened hat is slightly recessed in the middle or with a hint of nicking. The surface of the hat is furrowed radially along the entire length. The hat is whitish to beige when dry, and flesh-brown when wet.

The lamellas, which have grown to narrowly attached to the stem, are whitish to light beige and are very distant. They are mixed in or partially stunted so that they cannot reach the stem, but sometimes they can easily run down it. The inamyloid spore powder is white. The 2–4 cm long stem is blackish-brown, slightly lighter at the tip and finely frosted or flaky over its entire length. It is 1–1.5 mm wide, petal-round, hollow on the inside, elastic and of an almost horn-like consistency. Usually the stem sits on a single spruce needle.

The meat is gelatinous in the hat, which can be seen well with a longitudinal section through the hat with a magnifying glass. The smell is unpleasant and is reminiscent of rotting cabbage. It also has a garlic-like component. The unpleasant smell can disappear completely when drying. The taste is mild.

Microscopic features

The elliptical-teardrop-shaped spores are 5–8 µm long and 3–3.5 µm wide. The cap skin consists of lying, encrusted hyphae with coralloid outgrowths (so-called Rameales structure; the property of showing coralloid outgrowths is also known as diverticulate). The hyphae are embedded in a mucus matrix and the thick cell walls swell up gelatinously, so that they are not sharply depicted under the microscope. The hat top layer type is a thin ixocutis .

Species delimitation

The needle-sparrow is primarily characterized by its location. The horsehair swindler ( Gymnopus androsaceus ) can easily be confused with it, as it can colonize the same substrate. It has a more flesh-brownish hat and is also odorless. Its handle is usually considerably thinner than that of the needle-sprout.

The Collared Schwindling ( Marasmius rotula ) grows on hardwood boxes. Its lamellae have grown together to form a collar and so do not reach the stem.

ecology

The fungus lives saprobion table in the coniferous litter of coniferous forests. It is a character species of the native acidic spruce and silver fir forests and spruce and pine bog forests. The fungus can also be found under spruce trees in other forest communities. Spruce needles are primarily used as a substrate, but the fungus can also grow on pine needles and less often on pine needles.

The fruiting bodies appear from June to November. They often grow gregarious to grassy. You can find the common mushroom from the hill country to the higher mountain area. It is quite rare in the lowlands.

distribution

Spread of the needle dizziness in Europe. Countries in which the fungus has been detected are colored green. Countries in which the fungus has not yet been detected are shown in white. Countries with no sources or countries outside Europe are shown in gray.

The needle pearling is a Holarctic species that occurs in Northern Asia (Asia Minor, Caucasus, Japan), North America (USA) and Europe. In Europe, the distribution area ranges from the meridional to boreal climatic zone, so that the fungus is distributed throughout almost all of Europe. In the south you can find it from Spain, through Italy to Romania. In the north, the fungus occurs throughout Fennoscandinavia. In Norway the distribution area extends to the Arctic Circle, in Finland to the 70th parallel. The fungus is also common in Eastern Europe, where it can be found in Estonia, Latvia and Ukraine. In Germany, the needle-sprout occurs from the Danish border to far into the Alps. The species is very common in coniferous forest areas in Germany and Austria.

Systematics

The needle swindler was assigned to several genera in the past. For example, mushrooms with dizzying fruit bodies that smell like rotten cabbage or rotten leek were placed in the genus Stink-Schwindlinge ( Micromphale ). The genus of the stink swindles turned out to be polyphyletic and all members were assigned to different genera, so that the genus of the stink swindles became obesolete. Here, the needle-swindling was assigned to the genus of the pale sporadic ( Gymnopus ). However, it has been found that the genus of the pale sprout is polyphyletic and must be divided into several genera. Therefore, the needle swindling has currently been removed from the genus of the pale sporadic shrub and placed in its own genus Paragymnopus . As a type of the genus, the needle swindler is in the Paragmynopus sect section . Paragymnopus , after with Paragymnopus sect. Pinophili another section of this new genus was defined.

The genus Paragymnopus is not part of the vertigo relatives (Marasmiaceae), despite the macroscopic similarity of its representatives with vertebrates in the narrow sense (genus Marasmius ) , but as a member of the family of Omphalotaceae is more closely related to the olive tree mushrooms (genus Omphalotus ).

meaning

The needle pearling is not an edible mushroom. It's too small and thin-fleshed to be worth collecting, and the disgusting smell is hardly inviting to consume.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Jadson JS Oliveira, Ruby Vargas-Isla, Tiara S. Cabral, Doriane P. Rodrigues, Noemia K. Ishikawa: Progress on the phylogeny of the Omphalotaceae: Gymnopus s. str., Marasmiellus s. str., Paragymnopus gen. nov. and Pusillomyces gen. nov. In: Mycological Progress . tape 18 , no. 5 , May 2019, ISSN  1617-416X , p. 713-739 , doi : 10.1007 / s11557-019-01483-5 .
  2. ↑ Vladimír Antonín, Machiel E. Noordeloos: A monograph of marasmioid and collybioid fungi in Europe . IHW-Verlag, Eching, Germany 2010, ISBN 978-3-930167-72-2 , p. 1-479 .
  3. ^ Synonyms of Gymnopus perforans. (Hoffm.) Antonín & Noordel., In Noordeloos & Antonín, Czech Mycol. 60 (1): 25 (2008). In: SpeciesFungorum / speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved March 19, 2012 .
  4. ↑ a b c d Ewald Gerhart (Ed.): Mushrooms Volume 1: Lamellar mushrooms, deafblings, milklings and other groups with lamellas . Spectrum of nature FSVO. Intersive guide. tape 1 . BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, Munich / Vienna / Zurich 1984, ISBN 3-405-12927-3 , p. 104 .
  5. ↑ a b Hans E. Laux (Ed.): The Cosmos PilzAtlas . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-10622-5 , p. 76 .
  6. ↑ a b c d German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder : Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 3: Mushrooms. Blattpilze I. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3536-1 , p. 334.
  7. ↑ Micromphale perforans. Pilzoek database, accessed April 17, 2012 .
  8. ↑ a b Worldwide distribution of Gymnopus perforans. In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Retrieved March 19, 2012 .
  9. ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev, Boris Assyov: CHECKLIST OF THE MACROMYCETES OF CENTRAL BALKAN MOUNTAIN (BULGARIA) . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, p. 279–282 ( mycotaxon.com [PDF; 592 kB ]).
  10. ^ Svetozar Petkovski: Final Report: National Catalog (Check List) of Species. (PDF; 1.6 MB) (No longer available online.) 2009, archived from the original on February 15, 2010 ; accessed on September 30, 2019 (English).
  11. ↑ Grid map of Gymnopus perforans. (No longer available online.) In: NBN Gateway / data.nbn.org.uk. Formerly in the original ; accessed on April 17, 2012 (English).  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / data.nbn.org.uk
  12. ↑ a b Mushroom Distribution Atlas - Germany. In: Pilzkartierung 2000 Online / brd.pilzkartierung.de. Retrieved March 19, 2012 .
  13. ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed March 19, 2012 .
  14. ↑ Machiel E. Noordeloos, VladimírI Antonín: Contribution to a monograph of marasmioid and collybioid fungi in Europe . In: Czech Mycology . tape 60 , no. 1 , 2008, p. 21-27 .

Web links

Commons : Micromphale perforans  - album with pictures, videos and audio files