Nederlandsche Oost Compagnie

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Nederlandsche Oost Compagnie (translated: Dutch Ostgesellschaft, abbreviation NOC) was a Nazi organization during the Second World War , on June 6, 1942 in The Hague by the Dutch National Socialist Movement (NSB) of Meinoud Rost van Tonningen participation of De Nederlandsche Bank was founded. The NOC was a public company .

Statutes (1942)

Goals and ideological background

With the help of the NOC, Rost van Tonningen wanted to build Dutch colonies in the areas conquered by the Nazis, in particular in Ukraine , Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania . In addition, the organization saw itself as a continuation of the tradition of the " Dutch East India Company " ("Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie", VOC). Rost van Tonningen thus also fulfilled the Nazi living space concept . The eastern settlement should be coordinated by colonial trading houses. These had been separated from their former trading area in the Dutch East Indies by the war and had experience of the colonial way of working. Another goal of the NOC was the " Aryanization " of Eastern Europe.

Locations

The organization was based in The Hague. The head office was in Amaliastraat 1-3, the insurance department Anna Paulownastraat 35. Another address used was Parkstraat 22. The NOC had branches in Berlin, Kauen (Kaunas), Wilna (Vilnius), Riga , Dorpat (Tartu), Rowno (Rivne), Kiev and Minsk .

The Dutch East Institute ("Nederlandse Oost Instituut", NOI) headed by W. Goedhuys initially served as the statistics and research department of the NOC, later mainly as its propaganda and information organ.

In Ukraine, the NOC managed several state-owned enterprises (former state farms ), namely the state farm usin in circles Skwira , General district of Kiev, with an area of 2,600 hectares, which was acquired by three Dutch top managers in April 1943, and a group of other six state enterprises in Skwira with a total of around 6,000 hectares, which were managed by a Dutch head administrator and three Dutch assistants (a cattle breeder, a gardener and an accountant). Both goods had to be cleared again in September 1943 due to the advance of the Soviet army.

Dutch dairy specialists were employed in Melitopol and in the Kamenets-Podolsk and Zhitomir areas , especially in cheese-making . Dutch workers were also employed in the cotton research facility in Cherson .

The NOC ran its own training center for Dutch colonists in the so-called "Ostland" in Rogachev, Belarus . The director of this NOC agricultural school was the Dutch farmer Arnout de Waard. The training in Rogachev was carried out by German specialists from the Land Management Company Ukraine (LBGU). Around 30 Dutch colonists from the East received a two- to three-week training there. After that, most of them were initially assigned to a German base manager of the LBGU as an assistant for some time before they became base managers themselves. They received a dark green uniform and basic training in handling pistols and carbines. German lessons were also part of the curriculum.

The NOC managed the Waka T estate, around 30 kilometers south of Vilnius (Lithuania). There the NOC also ran an agricultural school. About 25 kilometers east of Waka T, in Lentvaris , not far from Trakai , the NOC received another estate for lease from the German Land Management Company Ostland (LBGO). In the bog of Biala Waka (Baltoji Voke / Weisswacke) Dutch people mined the NOC peat. In the vicinity of the Latvian town of Mālpils , the NOC ran another agricultural and horticultural school as well as growing vegetables.

As of November 1941, in a relocation camp in Lodz a larger number of Dutch professionals aged 17 to 60 years, almost all of the NSB of Anton Adriaan Mussert belonged prepared for their use as administrator orphaned Farms in the territories occupied by the Wehrmacht Russian regions; from March 1942 they prepared the spring cultivation in the confiscated farms.

history

A previous German organization was already busy exploiting the conquered territories to finance the German war economy, the East German Land Management Society. There was also Werkdienst Holland , where employees in the east worked under appalling conditions. In addition, there was a commission for sending farmers to Eastern Europe (“Commissie tot uitzending van landbouwers naar Oost-Europa”, Culano; German: “Commission for sending farmers to Eastern Europe”), the chairman of which was later Dutch Agriculture, Defense and Colonial Minister Cornelis "Kees" Staf, who resigned when the NOC was founded. The first 600 Dutch farmers moved to the east in July 1941, before the NOC was founded in the spring of 1942. Thousands of Dutch people worked in the Ukraine (partly through organizations other than the NOC) as farmers, construction workers, peat cutters or excavators. Among them were 80 women. These often had an NSB background or were pro-German, but forced laborers were also sent to work as so-called SS front-line workers. The NOC's success was limited because Rost van Tonningen's initiative was not received with great enthusiasm. For example, the NOC was actually tolerated by the Nazis only in the expectation that they would benefit from it. Another reason the organization was not a great success was the slow flow of goods from the Netherlands to the Nazi-occupied areas. The NOC was also hindered by the German occupiers in providing the necessary export licenses. According to historian Loe de Jong , there was a mess at NOC headquarters. Many private investors therefore gave up.

At the height of its activity, the NOC - including the organizations of the "Werkdienst Holland" which it took over in 1942/43 and the Dutch "SS front workers" - was subordinate to at least 7,000 Dutch workers. Most of them were employed in the Reichskommissariat Ukraine , many of them with the Landbewirtschaftungsgesellschaft Ukraine (LBGU).

In autumn 1943 the Germans withdrew from Ukraine and the focus of the NOC shifted to the Baltic states. When these areas were also recaptured by the Soviet Army in the course of 1944, this forced the Dutch emigrants to move to Germany.

Leadership of society

Rost van Tonningen was appointed President of the NOC by the Reich Commissioner for the German-occupied Netherlands , Arthur Seyß-Inquart . He was also chairman of the board of directors . The managing director was the banker and NSB member Daniël Krantz. Pieter Schelte Heerema was co-director of the NOC for some time. FBJ Gips became President of the Board of Trustees and FL Rambonnet was Treasurer General. The following were present at the establishment of the NOC: Jan Robertson (as representative of Rost van Tonningen), Councilor Johannes Walch (as representative of the Mayor of Amsterdam, Edward John Voûte) and Councilor Gerrit Coenraad Blom (on behalf of Mayor Frederik Ernst Müller of Rotterdam ) .

The head of the agricultural department of the NOC was Prof. Dijt. The main department head of the NOC was W. Goedhuys. Head of Department T. van der Zee from the Dutch Ministry of Finance was delegated to the NOC.

The Dutch farmer and NSB supporter Jan Barendregt acted as a liaison between the Nederlandsche Oost Compagnie and the German Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories (Ostministerium) until he was killed in an air raid on Berlin in February 1944.

financing

The organization was funded by De Nederlandsche Bank (whose president was Rost van Tonningen) and the Dutch state, but the municipalities of Amsterdam and Rotterdam also contributed to the funding of the NOC.

Subsidiaries

A subsidiary was the Nederlandsche Oostbouw (NOB) (German: Dutch Ostbau Gesellschaft ) founded on January 11, 1943 , a contractor company that was first managed by Pieter Schelte Heerema . The majority of the workers posted to the east worked for the NOB. The volunteers mostly worked for companies under the direction of the NOB, while the forced laborers from the Ministry of Labor often worked directly for the NOB. Other subsidiaries were the Nederlandsche Oostvisscherij (German: Dutch Ostfischerei ), which sent Dutch fishermen to Lake Peipus to produce fish for the German Wehrmacht, the Nederlandsche Oostbagger (German: Dutch Ostbaggergesellschaft ), which carried out dredging work for the Todt organization with leased equipment on the Dnepr between Kiev and Dnepropetrovsk , the Dutch Oostbaksteen (German: Dutch Ostbacksteingesellschaft ), the Nederlandsche Oostrederij (German: Dutch Ostreederei ) and the Nederlandsche Oost Handel Maatschappij (German: Dutch Osthandelsgesellschaft ).

End of activity

With the advance of the Red Army , the NOC came under pressure. The Dutch farmers fled the places threatened by the Red Army and tried to settle elsewhere. After the German Wehrmacht and the German authorities began to withdraw from the Ukraine before the Soviet Army in autumn 1943, the NOC's focus of activity initially shifted to the Baltic states, i.e. to the then Reich Commissariat Ostland . However, when the Red Army recaptured these areas in the course of 1944, the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories (RMfdbO) terminated all Dutch in the Ostland Land Management Society at the end of the month in August 1944 . In the weeks that followed, violent bureaucratic disputes between the NOC and German authorities were about where the Dutch farmers, gardeners, workers and specialists were to be deployed, whether in East Prussia, in the "Warthegau", in Pomerania or in the Kurmark (Oderbruch) , or further inside Germany. At the beginning of October 1944, the Red Army surrounded the German troops (Army Group North) in the Baltic States; Several dozen Dutch farmers and other NOC forces remained in the " Kurland-Kessel ", whose further fate is unknown.

On December 28, 1944, Rost van Tonningen was dismissed by the chairman of the Dutch National Socialist NSB party, Anton Mussert . After the Allies liberated the Netherlands, the NOC was dissolved. Legal proceedings were carried out against some of their most important employees, but not yet against Heerema. Heerema was not considered to be prosecuted until 1981 because it had been his idea to use slave labor for the NOC, but he died before charges could be brought.

literature

  • Loe de Jong used the NOC archive to prepare his books with correspondence from Rost van Tonningen.
  • In 2004, the NIOD researcher, David Barnouw, wrote the book “Oostboeren, zee-germanen und Torfschneider” on the basis of the existing archive of the NOC.
  • Joh. Roos (Rijksuniversiteit Leiden) wrote a master's thesis on the NOC, entitled "De Cost went for the Baet ... Why the Nederlandsche Oost Compagnie NV volunteered in the East of the Netherlands from 1942 to 1945".
  • Victor Flietstra (University of Utrecht): “Aarnout de Waard, Bezetter or Boer? The experiences of a farmer's director in Rogatschef ”.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Statutes of the Naamloze Vennootschap Nederlandsche Oost Compagnie NV - Het Geheugen van Nederland - Online beeldbank van Archieven, Musea en libraries. www.geheugenvannederland.nl. Geraadpleegd op 2015-12-29.
  2. ^ De Nederlandse Oost Compagnie. www.archieven.nl. Geraadpleegd op 2015-12-29.
  3. ^ De Nederlandse Oost Compagnie. www.archieven.nl. Geraadpleegd op 2015-12-29.
  4. ^ De Nederlandse Oost Compagnie. www.archieven.nl. Geraadpleegd op 2015-12-29.
  5. ↑ "Het oosten roept" ( "The East calls") / Nederlandsche Oost Compagnie - Het Geheugen van Nederland - Online beeldbank van Archieven, Musea s libraries. www.geheugenvannederland.nl. Geraadpleegd op 2015-12-29.
  6. ↑ Nederlandsche Oost Compagnie. www.niod.nl. Geraadpleegd op 2015-12-29. »Zie ook de afbeeldingen aldaar voor de adressen van de organisatie«
  7. ^ De Nederlandse Oost Compagnie. www.archieven.nl. Geraadpleegd op 2015-12-29.
  8. ↑ Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies (NIOD), archive material: holdings 176, “Nederlandse Oost Compagnie”, https://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&miaet=1&micode=176&minr = 1243702 & miview = inv2 & milang = nl
  9. ↑ Rolf-Dieter Müller, "The German Economic Policy in the Occupied Soviet Territories 1941-1943: The Final Report of the Economic Staff East and Notes from a Member of the Kiev Economic Command", Oldenbourg Verlag, 1991. - XI, 671 pp., 140; https://www.osmikon.de/Vta2/bsb00041954/ostdok:BV004352064?page=152
  10. ↑ "Nederlandsche boeren als bedrijfsleider - De taak in de Oekraïne", in: Provinciale Geldersche courant: Nijmeegsche courant, March 22, 1943, https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?cql%5B%5D= % 28date + _gte _ +% 2201-01-1940% 22% 29 & cql% 5B% 5D =% 28date + _lte _ +% 2208-05-1945% 22% 29 & query = Landbewirtschaftungsgesellschaft & coll = ddd & redirect = true & page = 4 & identifier = ddd% 3A010522168% 3Ampeg21% 3Aa0029 & resultsidentifier = ddd% 3A010522168% 3Ampeg21% 3Aa0029 . Sa: van Eek, "Steunpunten in Europe's Strijd - Op school bij de Nederlandsche boeren in Oekrajine", in: De Waag: algemeen cultureel, politiek en economisch weekblad voor Nederland, March 5, 1943, 7th year, no. 9, https : //www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view? cql% 5B% 5D =% 28date + _gte _ +% 2201-01-1940% 22% 29 & cql% 5B% 5D =% 28date + _lte _ +% 2208-05 -1945% 22% 29 & query = Landbewirtschaftungsgesellschaft & coll = ddd & redirect = true & page = 5 & identifier = ddd% 3A010310923% 3Ampeg21% 3Aa0026 & resultsidentifier = ddd% 3A010310923% 3Ampeg21% 3Aa0026
  11. ↑ Victor Flietstra, "Arnout de Waard: Bezetter of Boer?", P. 3, https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/252224/Biografisch_Project_Arnout_de_Waard.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y ; see also: van Eek, "Steunpunten in Europäische Strijd - Op school bij de Nederlandsche boeren in Oekrajine", in: De Waag - algemeen cultureel, politiek en economisch weekblad voor Nederland, March 5, 1943, 7th year, no. 9, P. 136/137, https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010310923:mpeg21:pdf
  12. ↑ Rolf-Dieter Müller (ed.), "The German Economic Policy in the Occupied Soviet Territories 1941-1943: The Final Report of the Economic Staff East and Notes from a Member of the Kiev Economic Command", Oldenbourg Verlag, 1991. - XI, 671 p .; P. 140; https://www.osmikon.de/metaopac/search?View=ostdok&db=369&id=bsb00041954
  13. ↑ War Administrator Ortgis Sefken, "Dutch Agricultural Leader - Your Use in the Ukraine for Food Security in Europe", in: Deutsche Zeitung in the Netherlands, No. 329, May 7, 1943, p. 2, http://resolver.kb.nl/ resolve? urn = ddd: 011120361: mpeg21: pdf
  14. ↑ Geraldien von Frijtag Drabbe Künzel, "Hitler's Brudervolk: The Dutch and the Colonization of Occupied Eastern Europe, 1939-1945", Routledge, 2015, p. 87
  15. ↑ Geraldien von Frijtag Drabbe Künzel, "Hitler's Brudervolk: The Dutch and the Colonization of Occupied Eastern Europe, 1939-1945", Routledge, 2015, p. 88
  16. ^ "Use of Dutch farmers in the east", in: Deutsche Zeitung im Ostland, No. 88, March 29, 1942, https://periodika.lndb.lv/periodika2-viewer/view/index-dev.html?lang=fr #panel: pa% 7Cissue: / p_003_dzos1942s01n88% 7Carticle: DIVL369% 7Cquery: Landbewirtschaftung% 7CissueType: P
  17. ^ De Nederlandse Oost Compagnie. www.archieven.nl. Geraadpleegd op 2015-12-29.
  18. ↑ Flietstra, VJL, Arnout de Waard: Bezetter of Boer? De belevingen van een boerendirecteur in Rogatschef. (2012).
  19. ↑ No, bwn3. resources.huygens.knaw.nl (2015-01-12). Geraadpleegd op 2015-12-29.
  20. ↑ Nederlandsche Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies (NIOD), archival material: 176 “Nederlandse Oost Compagnie”, https://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&miaet=1&micode=176&minr= 1243702 & miview = inv2 & milang = nl
  21. ↑ Archief Nederlandse Oost Compagnie weer toegankelijk. Historiek.net. https://plus.google.com/u/0/b/106774465581557319789/+HistoriekNet/.+Geraadpleegd op 2015-12-29.
  22. ^ De Nederlandse Oost Compagnie. www.archieven.nl. Geraadpleegd op 2015-12-29.
  23. ^ De Nederlandse Oost Compagnie. www.archieven.nl. Geraadpleegd op 2015-12-29.
  24. ↑ Dietrich Eichholtz, "Zerfall des Occupation Systems, Case Study: The Netherlands", in: "History of the German War Economy 1939–1945", p. 326
  25. ^ De Nederlandse Oost Compagnie. www.archieven.nl. Geraadpleegd op 2015-12-29.
  26. ^ De Nederlandse Oost Compagnie. www.archieven.nl. Geraadpleegd op 2015-12-29.
  27. ^ De Nederlandse Oost Compagnie. www.archieven.nl. Geraadpleegd op 2015-12-29.
  28. ↑ “De Nederl. Oostcompagnie in Lithuania - Interview with Prof. Dijt “, in: Friesche courant, January 5th, 1944, p. 1, https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?cql%5B%5D=%28date+ _gte _ +% 2201-01-1940% 22% 29 & cql% 5B% 5D =% 28date + _lte _ +% 2208-05-1945% 22% 29 & coll = ddd & redirect = true & page = 2 & identifier = ddd% 3A010609073% 3Ampeg21% 3Aa0017 & resultsidentifier = dd90d73% 3A0106017 % 3Ampeg21% 3Aa0017
  29. ↑ “Workers for the Oekraine. Belangrijke wijzigingen in de omstandigheden, waaronder de Nederlanders daar zull werk en leven. ”, In: Limburger Koerier, May 29, 1943, p. 3, https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&identifier = ddd% 3A010329560% 3Ampeg21% 3Ap003
  30. ^ Letter No. 264. from H. von Harder to MM Rost van Tonningen, Berlin, March 16, 1944, p. 405, in: Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie / David Barnouw (ed.), Bronnenpublicaties, Documenten, No. 3, "Correspondentie van mr. MM Rost van Tonningen, Deel II, May 1942 - May 1945 ", Zutphen, Walburg Pers, 1993, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Correspondentie_van_Mr._M.M._Rost_van_Tonningen%2C_deel_2% 2C_mei_1942-_mei_1945.pdf
  31. ↑ "Rouwplechtigheid te Berlijn", in: De Standaard, March 10, 1944, p.2; http://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:011132076:mpeg21:pdf
  32. ↑ Nederlandsche Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies (NIOD), archival material: 176 “Nederlandse Oost Compagnie”, https://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&miaet=1&micode=176&minr= 1243702 & miview = inv2 & milang = nl
  33. ^ De Nederlandse Oost Compagnie. www.archieven.nl. Geraadpleegd op 2015-12-29.
  34. ^ De Nederlandse Oost Compagnie. www.archieven.nl. Geraadpleegd op 2015-12-29.
  35. ↑ Dietrich Eichholtz, "History of the German War Economy 1939-1945", p. 327
  36. ↑ Dietrich Eichholtz, "History of the German War Economy 1939-1945", p. 327
  37. ^ De Nederlandse Oost Compagnie. www.archieven.nl. Geraadpleegd op 2015-12-29.
  38. ↑ 5581557319789 / + HistoriekNet /.+ Geraadpleegd op 2015-12-29. Superschip as eerbetoon voor nazi | Nieuw Israeli Weekblad. www.niw.nl. Geraadpleegd op 2015-12-29.