Neupfarrplatz
| Neupfarrplatz | |
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| Basic data | |
| place | regensburg |
| District | Downtown |
| Created | 1519 |
| Newly designed | 2005 (Inauguration of the Old Synagogue Memorial in Regensburg ) |
| Confluent streets |
Gesandersstrasse, St. Kassians Platz, Wahlenstrasse, Residenzstrasse, Drei-Helm-Gasse, TÄNDERGasse, Pfarrergasse , Kramwinkel |
| Buildings |
Neupfarrkirche , Misrach Memorial (Old Synagogue Regensburg), Alte Wache , Palais Löschenkohl |
| use | |
| User groups | Pedestrian traffic, bicycle traffic, public transport |
| Space design | Misrach Memorial (Old Synagogue Regensburg), pavement |
The Neupfarrplatz and the Neupfarrkirche are located in the center of Regensburg's old town and are surrounded by urban areas with narrow and narrow streets. The creation of the large square and the construction of the church can be traced back to the demolition of the Jewish quarter and the expulsion of the Jewish population in 1519.
Older story
In the Middle Ages, the Regensburg Jewish Quarter was located on the site of the square . There has been evidence of a Jewish community in Regensburg since AD 981. Today there are 39 houses, including some public buildings, such as the synagogue . The Jewish community had its own administration, a seal and its own judges. Religious hatred of Jews, constructed allegations of ritual murder , the economic interests of the residents, merchants and craftsmen in Regensburg led in the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries to demand that the emperor be allowed to expel the Jews. Emperor Maximilian I , who acted as their patron in return for payment from the Jews, rejected the city's request because his financial interests were not secured with regard to the redemption amount he expected. In the following years, the city council stuck to the demand for the deportation of the Jews and the Regensburg cathedral preacher Balthasar Hubmaier significantly heated up the mood against the Jews. When the emperor died in 1519, the city council seized the opportunity and in a planned action that allegedly surprised the imperial governor Thomas Fuchs von Wallburg to expel the Jewish community (at that time approx. 500 citizens), to demolish the synagogue and of the other buildings in the district.
Development and excavations
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In the middle of the square is the Neupfarrkirche , construction of which began in 1519 after the destruction of the Jewish quarter, but was stopped again in 1528 due to lack of money. The renaissance building was originally planned as a Catholic pilgrimage church , because after the destruction of the Jewish quarter, an anti-Jewish pilgrimage to Mary began. In the later legend of the miraculous Mary, the pilgrimage was traced back to an alleged miracle during the destruction of the former synagogue on the square. After the construction of the church ceased, the west facade of the church torso, which consisted of the east choir and unfinished towers, was temporarily closed. When the city council changed to the Evangelical Lutheran denomination in 1542, this church torso was used as the city's first Protestant parish church. It was not until 1860 that the provisional west facade was finally closed by a new west choir based on plans by the architect Ludwig Foltz .
On the south side of the square is the Löschenkohl Palace (Neupfarrplatz 14), which the Regensburg banker Hieronymus Löschenkohl had built in rococo style in 1733 according to plans by Johann Michael Prunner . After the bankruptcy of the business in 1743, the Electoral Saxon legation rented a room at the Perpetual Reichstag until 1806 , later a department store and a cinema were operated here. Today there is a Commerzbank branch here .
West of Löschenkohl Palais through to Bachgasse the area of the mid-13th century stretched founded Augustinian monastery with the Augustinian Church and related monastery buildings. Of the buildings, only the former refectory , which is now used as a restaurant, remains in the second row . All other monastery buildings and the Augustinian Church were demolished in 1838. The area was sold to the Maffei family of manufacturers from Munich for development .
In 1939/40, many remaining foundations of houses in the Jewish ghetto were badly damaged during the construction of an extinguishing water cistern under the northeastern square and during the construction of a ring-shaped air raid shelter requested by the National Socialists , especially since the ring bunker was connected to the medieval cellars of the surrounding houses by underground passages has been.
After the Second World War, the Neupfarrplatz was part of the west-east traffic axis, also for local bus traffic and was increasingly used as a car park. This made the square attractive as a location for a planned large department store. In order to realize these plans, numerous old town houses and the main guard building were demolished at the beginning of the 1970s on the east and south sides of the square . Parts of the facade of the former municipal main guard were integrated into the new department store.
In the 1990s, the square was traffic-calmed and redesigned. During construction work to redesign the square in 1995, the remains of the wall of the Gothic synagogue that had been destroyed in 1519 and a Romanesque predecessor from the 11th or 12th century were found west of the Neupfarrkirche . Before that, the old synagogue of Regensburg was suspected to be directly under the Neupfarrkirche. There are two detailed etchings of the synagogue by Albrecht Altdorfer that made identification easier. During the excavations in the following years, large parts of the medieval cellars of the Jewish quarter were uncovered and among other things a gold treasure from the 14th century with 624 gold coins and a finger ring with the seal of the Jewish community were found. The gold treasure can be seen today in the Historical Museum . The local political disputes over the excavations aroused strong civic engagement, which had an impact on the scope and type of excavations (1995-97). The information center document Neupfarrplatz , designed by the Regensburg architects Lydia Lehner and Franz Robold, now presents the 2000-year history of the square in multimedia form Ring bunkers to be seen. A documentary takes the visitor virtually through time.
The Israeli artist Dani Karavan made the floor plan of the synagogue visible through an accessible floor relief made of white concrete, which was inaugurated on July 13, 2005 .
The fountain on the square with the imperial double-headed eagle , city and imperial coats of arms dates from the middle of the 17th century, the obelisk-like fountain pillar and the grid from 1730.
Recent history
The square was the business center of the city. Numerous historical events took place here. In 1796 a soldiers' revolt broke out here, which threatened to develop into a general uprising. In 1919 the Soviet Republic was proclaimed here, in 1933 the place was the scene of the book burning .
In the autumn of 1942, the Gestapo arrested over 40 people and accused them of subversive behavior, which mainly consisted of allegedly receiving and exchanging information from foreign radio stations. Since the persecuted, who belonged to all political camps from the KPD to BVP to NSDAP, met in loose succession on the Regensburg Neupfarrplatz, the Gestapo named them "Neupfarrplatz Group". In the final report of the state police, the deeds of the arrested were rated as corrosive word of mouth which "considerably weakened many German comrades in their confidence in victory". Two of the accused, Josef Bollwein and Johann Kellner, were sentenced to death by the People's Court and executed. Six other people died in the Flossenbürg concentration camp, some of them under unexplained circumstances. On the basis of the statements received from the prisoners and their political positions that have not been thought through or developed, one cannot speak of an anti-fascist Popular Front alliance, but of an emotional and ideological opposition.
literature
- Herbert E. Brekle : The Regensburg Ghetto. Photo impressions from the excavations , MZ Buchverlag, Regensburg 1997, ISBN 978-3-931904-17-3
- Martin Dallmeier, Hermann Hage, Hermann Reidel (eds.): The Neupfarrplatz. Focus - testimony - monument . Contributions to the Regensburg Autumn Symposium on Art History and Monument Preservation from November 18 to 21, 1999. Regensburg 2002. ISBN 3-9806296-3-5
Web links
Remarks
- ↑ The old guard was in 1818, designed by Michael Dobmayr - and not, as often assumed by Emanuel Herigoyen built
Individual evidence
- ^ Tobias Beck: Emperor and Imperial City at the Beginning of the Early Modern Age , Verlag Stadtarchiv Regensburg 2011, pp. 116–122.
- ↑ Peter Herde, Regensburg (Ortschaftsartikel), in: Germania Judaica (GJ) Volume III, 2nd part, ed. by Arye Maimon, Mordechai Breuer et al., Tübingen 1995, pp. 1178 - 1229, here 1202.
- ^ Karl Bauer: Regensburg Art, Culture and Everyday History . MZ-Buchverlag in H. Gietl Verlag & Publication Service GmbH, Regenstauf 2014, ISBN 978-3-86646-300-4 , p. 158 f .
- ↑ Julia Kathrin Knoll, Christian Greller: Of witches, ghosts and criminals. A tour of the scariest places in Regensburg and the surrounding area . MZ Buchverlag in the Battenberg Gietl Verlag GMBH, Regenstauf, Regenstauf 2019, ISBN 978-3-86646-340-0 , p. 121 f .
- ↑ Anke Borgmeyer, Achim Hubel, Andreas Tillmann, Angelika Wellnhofer: City of Regensburg, Monuments in Bavaria Volume III.37, Regensburg 1997, p. 404
- ↑ Herbert E. Brekle (1997), pp. 6-7
- ↑ tourism.regensburg.de: document Neupfarrplatz
- ↑ Helmut Halter: Stadt unterm Hakenkreuz , Universitätsverlag Regensburg, 1994, p. 215.
- ↑ Helmut Halter: Stadt unterm Hakenkreuz , p. 215.
- ↑ Hartmut Mehringer: The KPD in Bavaria 1919-1945 , in: Martin Brozat, u. a. (Ed.): Bavaria in the Nazi era: The parties KPD, SPD, BVP in persecution and resistance , Oldenbourg Verlag, 1983, p. 269.
Coordinates: 49 ° 1 ′ 6.8 ″ N , 12 ° 5 ′ 46.2 ″ E