Neupfarrkirche (Regensburg)

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Evangelical Neupfarrkirche, background: cathedral towers. Foreground: Karavan memorial

The Neupfarrkirche is a Protestant parish church on Neupfarrplatz in the old town of Regensburg . The construction of the church, originally planned as a Catholic pilgrimage church, began after the destruction of the Jewish quarter in 1519.

history

Expulsion of the Regensburg Jews

The Neupfarrkirche is located on the area of ​​the former Jewish quarter in the medieval center of the city. The Jewish community of Regensburg was one of the largest and most important in the empire of that time with around 300 members. As early as the end of the 15th century and again in 1507 and 1514, the bishop and the city council of Regensburg had applied to be allowed to expel the Jews, but this failed due to the contradiction of Emperor Maximilian . In return for payment of a protection fee, he assumed his role as patron of the Jews and demanded a transfer fee for his permission. The city of Regensburg was in a very bad financial situation at this time and was considered an unreliable payer. After the new imperial governor Thomas Fuchs von Wallburg represented the imperial authority over the city in Regensburg in 1514 , the decision on the city's wish to expel the Jews could not be made quickly. When Emperor Maximilian died on January 12, 1519, the city council took advantage of the confusing situation and on February 21, 1519 unilaterally ordered the expulsion of all Jews. The imperial governor Thomas Fuchs von Wallburg, representing the emperor, was surprised, but did not prevent the expulsion and also played a dubious role in handling the many financial consequences of the expulsion of the Jews. The Jewish quarter and synagogue were razed to the ground, the cemetery desecrated and looted. The eviction was well prepared. One month before the “deportation” - the contemporary expression - the city council had a legal opinion drawn up to legitimize the planned breach of law. Even before the expulsion, it was decided to build a Church of St. Mary in place of the abandoned synagogue. This was intended to suppress the memory of the history of the Jews in Regensburg and to make the demolition of the synagogue irreversible.

The pilgrimage to the "Beautiful Maria"

Pilgrimage to the beautiful Maria. Woodcut by Michael Ostendorfer (1520)
The beautiful Maria of Regensburg, oil painting by Michael Ostendorfer (1529)

As in 16 similar cases, a Marienkirche was built in Regensburg as anti-Jewish victory architecture next to the destroyed synagogues. As early as April 1519, a wooden chapel was consecrated, which was built on the site of the event. Within a few months, a Marian pilgrimage developed , for which a letter of indulgence was granted on June 2 as a start-up, signed by 25 cardinals. On September 19, 1519, the foundation stone was laid for the construction of a stone pilgrimage church of the Virgin Mary, for the construction of which, according to plans by the Augsburg builder Hans Hieber, the rubble stones from the broken Jewish houses and gravestones from the looted Jewish cemetery were used.

The pilgrimage to the “Beautiful Maria” quickly developed into one of the largest pilgrimages in the German-speaking world, which would not have been possible without the advertising use of the then new printing technology . The first of four printed wonder books was titled Die wunderbarlichen zaichen beschehen to the beautiful Maria zu Regenpurg / im xix. jhar . It propagated an alleged miracle of origin that happened when the synagogue was demolished at the end of February 1519. According to this, the master stonemason Kern survived a fall through Mary's miraculous intervention alone. In thanks and in honor of Our Lady, the pilgrimage to the “Beautiful Mary” at the place of destruction developed from this. This cult propaganda came from the circle of pilgrimage initiators from the city council or the clergy. The cathedral preacher Balthasar Hubmaier played an important role in this ; he not only proposed and carried out the collection of the alleged miracles to the council, but also carried out a review.

The high point of the pilgrimage was soon passed and its end was recorded in 1525 at the latest. Up to this year the pilgrimage had brought in the high sum of almost 31,000 fl. However, expenses up to the cessation of construction work on the still largely unfinished stone pilgrimage church in the amount of 16,600 Fl must be offset. The pilgrimage was actively promoted by the city council, because the council and bishop had opened up an initially gushing source of income with the pilgrimage. A bitter legal dispute broke out between the city and the episcopal administrator over the distribution of the income. In the dispute, however, the city had a strong position because it came into possession of the land after the Jews were driven out. It was agreed in August 1522 that, with the sole right of patronage over the Church of the Beautiful Maria, the city council would also have the power to dispose of the clergy working there and the church property. Only on this legal basis could the city employ the evangelical preacher Erasmus Zoller in 1541 and introduce the Reformation in the provisionally closed church with the first public supper on October 15, 1542 . In the middle of the 17th century the pilgrimage was resumed for a few years in a Loreto chapel in the neighboring Bavarian Stadtamhof . In 1747 there was another call to the Marian pilgrimage in the Kassianskirche in Regensburg .

Construction of the new parish church

Design for the New Church (Michael Ostendorfer, around 1521)

With the laying of the foundation stone, the construction of a stone pilgrimage church began in 1519 according to plans by the architect Hans Hieber , who in the following years also created an impressive wooden model of the planned church, which is preserved in the city ​​museum . The construction of the church had to be stopped as early as 1528, when the church building could no longer be financed due to the cancellation of the pilgrimage. As the model of the church shows, the planned nave of the church would have extended beyond the site of the destroyed synagogue to the west to the beginning of Gesänderstrasse. When the construction work was demolished, only the two towers and the choir were completed on a base foundation made of rubble from the destroyed Jewish houses. The Torso Church was temporarily closed with a wall in the west and this building was consecrated in 1540. In 1542 Regensburg converted to the Evangelical Lutheran denomination and the city council made the Torso Church the first Protestant parish church in the city and named it "Neupfarrkirche".

It was not until 1860 that the church building with the provisional west facade was finally completed by the Munich architect Ludwig Foltz with heightening of the south tower and the construction of a five-sided choir building that harmoniously completes the west facade. With this construction measure, the interior of the church could also be expanded to accommodate a two-story organ gallery.

The church, erected on a terrace plinth, is a single-nave Renaissance building with late Gothic elements, with two bays, a five-sided apse and two towers. A special architectural feature is the double spiral staircase in the south tower, which used to be used to reach the two west galleries , one above the other.

Equipment of the Neupfarrkirche

Altar from 1617

An originally planned stone altar was not erected by the city council for cost reasons. Instead, in 1554, the painter Michael Ostendorfer was commissioned for a wooden altar with a rich program of images, which was given by the Protestant pastors and the superintendent Nicolaus Gallus . The Ostendorfer Altar, completed in 1555, was set up freely in the church and could be bypassed during the Lord's Supper so that the depiction of the Last Judgment could also be viewed on the back. The free installation and the low height of 5 m gave the altar the appearance of a piece of furniture that had no relation to architecture, but was primarily intended to serve as a means of assuring the community in faith with the help of an image program that was unique in southern Germany. After a relatively short time, the altar was removed from the church at the beginning of the 17th century, reached the town hall via intermediate stops and was placed in the empty Reichssaal after 1800. In 1840 the Ostendorf Altar came into the possession of the Historical Association. Today the incomplete, restored Ostendorfer altar is in the historical museum . The current altar in the Neupfarrkirche dates from 1617.

One of the few pulpit clocks preserved in Bavaria is located in the Neupfarrkirche .

Others

As early as the 16th century, numerous parishioners also worked in the Protestant parishes of Austria and Southeast Europe. in the 17th century many Protestants expelled from Austria became members of this community. Today the church is also the Protestant university church of Regensburg.

organ

Organ from 1986 by Georg Jann

The Neupfarrkirche has a long organ tradition , which was often marked by financial scarcity. A positive , probably a block , was already detectable in the Marienkapelle in 1519. In 1520 the instrument was fitted with a pedal and transferred to the newly built church around 1537. In 1574 Hans Dech from Schneeberg built a relatively small organ that stood on the second gallery. This instrument was transferred to the Oswald Church to make room for the ten-register Sturm organ , which was built in 1591. After the third gallery was built, this organ was transferred there. It has been renovated several times over the years.

The next organ was built by Johann Jakob Späth . It comprised 22  registers . This was played for the first time on Midsummer Day 1727.

Around 1834 a new twelve-entry organ was built by Johann Heinssen . After the interior renovation and the demolition of the third gallery by the Steinmeyer company from Oetting, it was transferred to the second western gallery.

After this measure did not improve the organ situation, Steinmeyer built a new, electric pocket- shop organ with 35 registers as Opus 1440 in 1927 , divided into three manuals and a pedal . The disposition for this instrument, which followed the Alsatian-New German organ reform, was made by Friedrich Högner . The instrument was again on the second gallery. Presumably for financial reasons, the case of the previous organ was used in the design. After the interior renovation, this organ was rebuilt in 1959 with a case according to the taste of the time in a different arrangement and in 1973 completely renovated by the Hirnschrodt company .

After the membranes had become brittle, the community decided to build a new one. In 1986 Georg Jann created a new instrument with a slider drawer . The upper gallery was removed beforehand, the instrument was placed on the first gallery and received a representative, modern prospect . It comprised 41 registers on three manuals and pedal . This organ was extensively renovated in 2016 by Andreas Utz, slightly expanded to include registers 1 and 14 and re-inaugurated on September 25th. She currently has the following disposition:

I main work C – a 3
01. Covered 16 ′ (n)
02. Principal 08th'
03. Reed flute 08th'
04th octave 04 ′
05. recorder 04 ′
06th Schwegel 02 ′
07th Cornet IV (from f 0 )0 08th'
08th. Mixture V 01 13
09. Dulcian 16 ′
10. Trumpet 08th'
II Positive C – a 3
11. Dumped 8th'
12. Quintad 8th'
13. Principal 4 ′
14th Sesquialter II 0 2 23 (n)
15th Night horn 2 ′
16. Sif flute 1'
17th Scharff III 23
18th Krummhorn 8th'
Tremulant
III Swell C – a 3
19th Drone 16 ′
20th Pipe whistle 08th'
21st Viol 08th'
22nd Vox coelestis 0 08th'
23. Fugara 04 ′
24. Transverse flute 04 ′
25th Fifth 02 23
26th Octavin 02 ′
27. third 01 35
28. Plein-Jeu IV 02 ′
29 bassoon 16 ′
30th oboe 08th'
31. Cor anglais 04 ′
. Tremulant
Pedal C – f 1
32. Principal 16 ′
33. Sub-bass 16 ′
34. Fifth 10 23
35. octave 08th'
36. Playing flute 08th'
37. Chorale bass 04 ′
38. Pommer 04 ′
39. Peasant flute 02 ′
40. Back set IV 0 02 23
41. Bombard 16 ′
42. trombone 08th'
  • Coupling : II / I, III / I, III / II, I / P, II / P, III / P (also as piston steps)
  • Play aids : setter system , swell step, tutto step and single tongue storage
  • annotation
(n) = register supplemented subsequently in 2016

Bells

In the north tower hangs the largest bell, which has been preserved despite the deliveries of material from the world wars. The three more, which had to be added in 1948, are located in the south tower.

No.
 
Percussive
( HT - 1 / 16 )
Casting year
 
Bell caster
 
1 des 1 (−10) 1595 Georg Schelchshorn
2 es 1 (−1) 1948 Karl Hamm
3 f 1 (−3) 1948 Karl Hamm
4th as 1 (−1) 1948 Karl Hamm

present

  • In the back of the church there is an exhibition on the Jewish history of Regensburg and the Reformation .
  • From 1995 to 1997, the remains of houses in the destroyed Jewish quarter underground, which had been partially destroyed by the construction of an air raid ring bunker before the Second World War, were archaeologically recorded. Parts of the excavations are accessible today as part of guided tours (document Neupfarrplatz).
  • During the archaeological excavations on the Neupfarrplatz, remains of the old synagogue of Regensburg were found underground . As a result, the sculptor and designer Dani Karavan erected an accessible floor relief made of special white concrete exactly above their location in 2004, which precisely reproduces their floor plan.

literature

Web links

Commons : Neupfarrkirche in Regensburg  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. Peter Herde: Regensburg. (Ortschaftsartikel) In: Arye Maimon, Mordechai Breuer (ed.): Germania Judaica, Volume III, 2nd Part. Tübingen 1995, pp. 1178-1229, here 1180.
  2. Tobias Beck: Emperor and imperial city at the beginning of the early modern period. Stadtarchiv Verlag, pp. 116–122.
  3. ^ Karl Hausberger : "Maria rests in Regensburg in the chapel". In: Martin Angerer (ed.): Ratisbona. The royal city. Universitätsverlag Regensburg, 2000, p. 58.
  4. Peter Morsbach: Questions about the origin of the chapel to the beautiful Maria. In: Martin Dallmeier (ed.): The Neupfarrplatz - focal point - testimony - monument. (Autumn Symposium 1999). Regensburg 2002, pp. 41-49.
  5. Hedwig Röckelein: Marian veneration and hostility to Jews. In: Claudia Opitz (ed.): Maria in der Welt. Lucerne 1993, pp. 11-45.
  6. ^ Raphael Straus: Documents and files on the history of the Jews in Regensburg. Munich 1960, No. 1079.
  7. ^ Andreas Angerstorfer : Medieval cemeteries and grave stones. In: Stadt Regensburg (ed.): City and mother in Israel. Jewish history and culture in Regensburg. (Exhibition catalog) 1996, p. 74.
  8. Martin Weindl: From the pilgrimage church to the beautiful Maria to the Protestant Neupfarrkirche. The legal background , in: 450 Years of the Evangelical Church in Regensburg 1542-1992, pp. 51–55, Catalog Museums Stadt Regensburg 1992, ISBN 3-925753-28-1
  9. Gerlinde Stahl: The pilgrimage to the beautiful Maria. In: Georg Schwaiger (Ed.): Contributions to the history of the Diocese of Regensburg, Vol. 2. Regensburg 1968, p. 98.
  10. Gerlinde Stahl: The pilgrimage to the beautiful Maria. 1968, p. 53f.
  11. Martin Weindl: From the pilgrimage church to the beautiful Maria to the Protestant Neupfarrkirche. The legal background , in: 450 Years of the Evangelical Church in Regensburg 1542-1992, p. 53, Catalog Museums Stadt Regensburg 1992, ISBN 3-925753-28-1
  12. ^ Robert Werner: The Regensburg ritual murder accusations - Sex pueri Ratisbonae. Developments, connections with Trient and Rinn, relics. In: Historischer Verein Regensburg und Oberpfalz (ed.): Negotiations of the Historischer Verein für Oberpfalz and Regensburg, 150 (VHV0) 2010, pp. 33–117, here p. 54.
  13. Hans Christoph Dittscheid: "Between the Epochs": The Regensburg pilgrimage church to the beautiful Maria, a testimony to the "post-Gothic" . In: Working Group Regensburg Autumn Symposium (ed.): “Between Gothic and Baroque” traces of the Renaissance in Regensburg . tape 26 . Dr. Peter Morsbach Verlag, Regensburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-937527-55-0 , p. 215-239 .
  14. Rosa Micus: The Neupfarrkirche, the existing building . In: Working Group Regensburg Autumn Symposium (ed.): “Between Gothic and Baroque” traces of the Renaissance in Regensburg . tape 26 . Dr. Peter Morsbach Verlag, Regensburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-937527-55-0 , p. 37-48 .
  15. ^ Exhibition “Staircases in the World Heritage” opened , Friedrich Mielke Institute for Scalalogy of the OTH Regensburg , October 23, 2015, accessed on March 28, 2017.
  16. Hubert Kernl: Altars of the Renaissance . In: Working Group Regensburg Autumn Symposium (ed.): “Between Gothic and Baroque” traces of the Renaissance in Regensburg . tape 26 . Dr. Peter Morsbach Verlag, Regensburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-937527-55-0 , p. 129 f .
  17. Anke Borgmeyer, u. a .: Monuments in Bavaria. City of Regensburg. Central Bavarian Printing and Publishing Companies Regensburg, 1997, p. 400.
  18. a b c Manfred Jacobi in: Festschrift for the consecration of the organ. Parish office of the Neupfarrkirche, Regensburg 1986, pp. 18–36.
  19. August Scharnagl: Späth In: The music in history and present person part vol. 12, Bärenreiter Kassel 1965, ISBN 3-7618-5913-9 , columns 969-970.
  20. ^ Hermann Fischer , Theodor Wohnhaas : Lexicon of southern German organ builders. Noetzel, Wilhelmshaven 1994, p. 149.
  21. Information about the organ , on the website of the organ building company Thomas Jann, accessed on January 31, 2017
  22. Information on the renovation of the organ on the Neupfarrkirche website, accessed on January 31, 2017
  23. Information on the bells on the Neupfarrkirche website, accessed on January 31, 2017
  24. The bells on glockenklaenge.de , accessed on January 31, 2017
  25. In the Diocesan Museum of Ortisei - full page. color ill. after p. 25


Coordinates: 49 ° 1 '6 "  N , 12 ° 5' 47"  E