Black cabbage rose

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Black cabbage rose
Black cabbage rose (Nigritella nigra)

Black cabbage rose ( Nigritella nigra )

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Monocots
Order : Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family : Orchids (orchidaceae)
Genre : Cabbage florets ( Nigritella )
Type : Black cabbage rose
Scientific name
Nigritella nigra
( L. ) Rchb. f.

The black sprouts ( Nigritella nigra , Syn. : Gymnadenia nigra ) is a plant from the genus of sprouts ( Nigritella ) within the family of orchid (Orchidaceae). The species is, like all representatives of the genus Nigritella , counted by some authors to the genus Gymnadenia .

description

Illustration from: Bilder ur Nordens Flora

Since the species is delimited and circumscribed differently by different botanists, the description depends on the taxonomic concept of the respective author. The following description initially refers to the Scandinavian clan Nigritella nigra subsp. nigra in the sense of the new description by Teppner and Klein 1990. For the most common clan in the Alps, which was formerly called Nigritella nigra , compare common cabbage rose . For another alpine clan, often listed as a subspecies of this species, compare Austrian cabbage florets .

Vegetative characteristics

The black cabbage rose is a perennial , herbaceous plant with heights of 9 to 22 centimeters. The tuber is, as with all representatives of Gymnadenia s. l., in two parts or in the shape of a hand, split into three to five often rather strong, compressed sections. The stem axis is upright and somewhat angular due to the downward sloping edges and nerves of the leaves. It is leafy up to the top, at the base with membranous, pointed sheath-leaves.

The leaves are quite numerous and linear, almost grassy in shape. They're thickened, runny, annoying, and bald. The leaf margin is finely indented. The upper side of the leaf is dark green, the lower side is lighter. The uppermost leaves are sitting upright, almost like bracts.

Generative characteristics

The inflorescence is very dense and spherical to hemispherical, rarely egg-shaped. The flowers are dark red-brown to brown-red. They smell intensely of vanilla . The bracts are narrow-lanceolate, pointed with two purple-red nerves. They are smooth at the edge, the lower edges can be slightly wavy (due to pin-shaped papillae). They are just as long or slightly longer than the flowers.

The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and threefold , as is typical of orchids . The tepals are separate, pointed and funnel-shaped when open. In absolute terms they are not very large, but within the Nigritella nigra species they are larger than in the closely related species. Of the outer ( sepals ) the two lateral ones are 6.9-10.5 millimeters long and 1.4-2.2 mm wide and the middle 7-10.2 mm long and 1.4-2.1 mm wide, so about as wide as the side. The inner ( petals ) are 6.4–9.5 mm long and 1.2–1.7 mm wide, so slightly narrower, rarely as wide. As is typical for Nigritella , the lip, which is directed upwards (measured without a spur), is 7.5–12 mm long, flared in the basal part, saddle-shaped in the middle and widened in the tip part (2.7–4.9 mm wide) , evenly curved upwards to almost straight forward. Their margins are usually turned outwards in the lower part and narrowed towards the top into a point, occasionally with a separate point. Your spur is short, about 0.8-1.1 mm long, short sack-shaped. The column measures 1.65–1.9 mm, rarely a little above or below. The anthers are purple.

The species is so distinguishable from the related clans of the Nigritella nigra species aggregate: The flowers are always dark brown-red, almost black-looking, and monochrome. Plants with lighter or two-colored flowers belong to other small species. The spherical inflorescence (in N. rhellicani always longer than wide, ovoid to sub-cylindrical) and the significantly larger flowers with a shorter spur distinguish from the common cabbage rose Nigritella rhellicani (of which lighter-colored populations or clans are also known ) and the significantly larger flowers with a shorter spur. The Austrian cabbage rose Nigritella austriaca and Nigritella iberica , which many authors do not distinguish from one another and are often considered to be subspecies of Nigritella nigra , are essentially distinguished by their somewhat larger flowers; a reliable morphological differentiation is not possible. However, Nigritella is nigra s. st. one endemic in Scandinavia, that never comes together in front with them.

The Scandinavian Nigritella nigra is a triploid, autopolyploid clan with a constant chromosome number of 2n = 3x = 60.Nigritella austriaca (and N.iberica ) is tetraploid with 2n = 4x = 80.

distribution

The black cabbage rose in the narrower sense, Nigritella nigra subsp. nigra , called Brunkullan in Sweden , is endemic to Scandinavia. The clan inhabits a limited area, about half in central Norway and central Sweden. The Swedish deposits are all in a region with Silurian limestone in the province of Jämtland . A total of around 130 sites have been found in both countries, some of which are currently extinct. The species is in decline and threatened throughout the area. The main factor behind this is the abandonment of traditional rural land use, on which the cabbage florets depend for its conservation. The largest remaining population in the Sølendet nature reserve includes around 3000 flowering individuals.

ecology

The black cabbage rose of Scandinavia is an apomictic family of plants that forms seeds without fertilization. This also applies to the Austrian cabbage rose, which is often considered a subspecies. In contrast, the common cabbage rose of the Alpine countries reproduces sexually, it is pollinated by various insects. In Scandinavia, too, the flowers are often visited by potential pollinators such as butterflies, but it is uncertain whether fertilization will ever occur. The species usually only blooms for two to three weeks, usually in early July. Although the species occasionally spreads vegetatively, according to previous observations at the location this does not matter. After germination, it will take a young plant at least about 10 years to flower for the first time.

The black cabbage rose prefers extensively used hay meadows in alkaline, mostly lime-rich locations. It occurs less often in drier areas of basic flat bogs or in open stream meadows in the coniferous forest belt, or even in thinned forests, this is probably the primary location. Some occurrences in Norway are also recorded on neutral or even weakly acidic soils. The species mostly disappears when switching to pasture farming, but is also quickly overgrown when it is abandoned. It only occurs in unfertilized meadows.

Systematics

This small, fragrant plant was in 1561 by Conrad Gessner with Satyrium basilicum alpinum referred Caspar ileocecal called her 1623 Orchis angustifolia palmata alpina, nigro flore . The first mention of an alpine plant that has become known so far goes back to Johannes Müller, called Rhellicanus (after his birthplace Rellikon am Greifensee, died in Biel in 1542), who mentioned it in a Latin poem about a mountain hike. Carl von Linné described it as Satyrium nigrum in 1753 , after mentioning it in the first edition of his Flora Suecica in 1745 . His statement "Habitat in Alpibus Helveticis, Lapponicis" shows that he understood both the occurrences in the Alps (Switzerland) and those in Sweden under this name. By later selecting a lectotype from Sweden, Linné's name was linked to this occurrence, so that the Alpine clans received new names after the aggregate was split up. The species was first discovered in Norway in 1764 by the bishop and botanist Johan Ernst Gunnerus .

According to Linnaeus, the species was put into different genera by different botanists ( Orchis nigra , habenaria nigra , Sieberia nigra by Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach even once Gymnadenia nigra ) without any classification being established. Louis Claude Marie Richard finally described the genus Nigritella , whose type species Nigritella angustifolia is now considered a synonym for Nigritella nigra . Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach placed the species as Nigritella nigra in this genus, in which it remained unchallenged for many decades. A species concept with two European species, Nigritella nigra and Nigritella miniata (syn. Nigritella rubra ), the black and the red cabbage florets, was then adopted in most of the floriculture works.

From the end of the 1980s onwards, orchid systematists tried to break down the diverse collective species Nigritella nigra into better-defined small species, which mostly occur as local clans in separate mountain ranges. In the year 2000, 14 species (with two subspecies) were described instead of two. In 2007, after a few new descriptions, synonymizations and recombinations, there were 15 species. Not all taxonomists, however, were ready to recognize these species. In 2004, Helmut Baumann, Siegfried Künkele and Richard Lorenz objected to the separation of Nigritella rhellicana as an independent species.

In addition to the primarily flower morphological analysis based on visible features, then came phylogenomics , the investigation of relationships based on the comparison of homologous DNA sections, which further complicated the picture. A mainly English working group led by Richard M. Bateman achieved results which made the inclusion of the previous genus Nigritella in the genus Gymnadenia seem imperative; the species should therefore (again) be called Gymnadenia nigra . However, a Scandinavian working group led by Mikael Hedrén from Lund University contradicts these results. According to their results, Gymnadenia and Nigritella would be sister groups so that both genera could be sustained. The dispute has not yet been resolved, so both systems are in use side by side.

The differentiation of the small species from the Nigritella nigra species aggregate on the basis of genetic markers was not shown to be clear in all cases, and some morphologically delimited clans could not be genetically differentiated.

In addition to the nominate form, the status of the following subspecies is still controversial today:

  • Nigritella nigra subsp. austriaca Teppner & E. Klein , syn. Syn .: Gymnadenia austriaca (Teppner & E. Klein) P. Delforge , cf. in addition under Austrian Kohlröschen
  • Nigritella nigra subsp. iberica Teppner & E. Klein , syn. Nigritella austriaca subsp. iberica (Teppner & E. Klein) L.Sáez Apomictic, tetraploid clan. Is considered by some authors only as a variety of austriaca .
  • Nigritella nigra subsp. gallica E. Reiner & R.Breiner . French Massif Central. Mostly valued as a synonym or variety of one of the other species or subspecies.

An apomictic species from Lapland is believed to be a hybridization of Gymnadenia conopsea and Nigritella nigra subsp. nigra (or possibly an extinct, very similar clan) emerged:

  • Gymnigritella runei Teppner & E. Klein , syn. Gymnadenia runei (Teppner & E. Klein) Ericsson .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Herwig Teppner & Erwin Klein (1990): Nigritella rhellicani spec, nova and N. nigra (L.) Rchb. fs str. (Orchidaceae - Orchideae). Phyton (Horn, Austria) 31 (1): 5-26.
  2. ↑ Wolfram Foelsche: Identification key for the species and subspecies of the genus Nigritella with brief descriptions, distribution information and illustrations (version December 1, 2014). PDF .
  3. ↑ Sølendet in Norway. www.protetedplanet.net
  4. ↑ a b Asbjørn Moen, Dag ‐ Inge Øien (2008): Ecology and survival of Nigritella nigra, a threatened orchid species in Scandinavia. Nordic Journal of Botany 22 (4): 435-461. doi: 10.1111 / j.1756-1051.2002.tb01398.x
  5. ↑ Naturvårdsverket (editor) (2013): Åtgärdsprogram för brunkulla 2013–2017, Gymnadenia nigra (Nigritella nigra). ISBN 978-91-620-6582-9
  6. ↑ Asbjørn Moen and Dag-Inge Øien (2009). Svartkurle Nigritella nigra i Norge. Faglig innspill til nasjonal handling plan. Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet Vitenskapsmuseet Rapport botanisk series 2009–5: 1–27.
  7. ↑ Jens Holmboe (1936): About Nigritella nigra (L.) Rchb., Their distribution and history in Scandinavia. Reports of the Swiss Botanical Society 46: 202–216.
  8. ↑ cf. about Nigritella Rich., Männertreu. Hans Ernst Heß & Elias Landolt: Flora of Switzerland and adjacent areas. Volume 1 (Pteridophyta to Caryophyllaceae). Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, 2nd edition 1976. Pages 617–618.
  9. ↑ a b Wolfram Foelsche (2014): The genus Nigritella in the light of recent genetic investigations with special consideration of Nigritella miniata. Joannea Botany 11: 89-160.
  10. ^ Jean-Pierre J. Brütsch (2000): The genus Nigritella Rich. Bauhinia 14: 21-32.
  11. ↑ Norbert Griebl (2007): Nigritella and the Archduke. Orchid Courier 4/07: 3–8.
  12. ↑ Helmut Baumann, Siegfried Künkele and Richard Lorenz (2004): Taxonomic List of Orchids in Germany - supplement. Journal of European Orchids 36 (3): 769-780.
  13. ↑ Herwig Teppner & Erwin Klein (1998): Etiam atque etiam - Nigritella versus Gymnadenia: new combinations and Gymnadenia dolomitensis spec, nova (Orchidaceae-Orchideae). Phyton (Horn, Austria) 38 (1): 220-224.
  14. ↑ Mikael Hedrén, Richard Lorenz, Herwig Teppner, Branko Dolinar, Cesario Giotta, Norbert Griebl, Sven Hansson, Ulrich Heidtke, Erich Klein, Giorgio Perazza, David Ståhlberg, Boštjan Surina (2017): Evolution and systematics of polyploid Nigritella (Orchidaceae). Nordic Journal of Botany 36 (3): njb-01539. doi: 10.1111 / njb.01539
  15. ↑ Richard M. Bateman, Alexander RM Murphy, Peter M. Hollingsworth, Michelle L. Hart, Ian Denholm, Paula J. Rudall (2018): Molecular and morphological phylogenetics of the digitate-tubered clade within subtribe Orchidinae s. s. (Orchidaceae: Orchideae). Kew Bulletin 73: 54 doi: 10.1007 / S12225-018-9782-1
  16. ↑ cf. Llorenç Sáez (2004): The genus Nigritella (Orchidaceae) in the Iberian Peninsula. Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 61 (1): 81-90.
  17. ↑ Erich Klein and Anton Drescher (1996): Nigritella nigra (Orchidaceae - Orchideae) in the Massif Central (France). Phyton (Horn, Austria) 36 (2): 231-250.

Web links

Commons : Black Kohlröschen ( Nigritella nigra )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files