Nikolai Alexejewitsch Kljujew

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Nikolai Alexejewitsch Kljujew (around 1915/1916)

Nikolai Klyuev ( Russian Николай Алексеевич Клюев ; born October 10 . Jul / 22. October  1884 greg. In Koschtug in Vytegra , government Olonez ; † 23 or October 25. 1937 in Tomsk ) was a Russian writer.

Life

Kljujew's father Alexei Timofejewitsch Kljujew (1842–1918) was a non-commissioned officer in the Imperial Russian Army and then a seller in a wine shop. Kljujews mother Praskovya Dmitrievna (1851-1913) was a storyteller and mourner . Some ancestors were Old Believers, but Klyuev's family were not Old Believers. Kljujew attended the city school in Vytegra and Petrozavodsk . During the Russian Revolution 1905–1907 he was arrested repeatedly for agitation by the peasants and then for refusing to oath of allegiance in the Imperial Russian Army.

Kljuev's poems were first printed in 1904. Kljujew did not follow the tradition of the poets of the people in the sense of Ivan Sakharovich Surikov , but turned to symbolism and used religious images. He was influenced by Alexander Alexandrowitsch Blok , with whom he exchanged letters. Blok, Valeri Jakowlewitsch Brjussow and Nikolai Stepanowitsch Gumiljow described Kljujew as harbingers of popular culture. Blok repeatedly mentioned Klyuev in his poems, notebooks and letters and saw him as a symbol of the mysterious folk beliefs, as did Sergei Mitrofanovich Gorodetsky .

Sergei Alexandrovich Esenin referred to Klyuev as his teacher, but their relationship was complicated and changeable. 1915-1916 they appeared together in public. Together with Jessenin, Kljujew was a leading representative of the group of "peasant poets".

After the October Revolution , Kljujew approached the left-wing social revolutionary literary group The Scythians . In the Berlin edition of the Scythians , three collections of poetry from Kljujev appeared in 1920–1922. In 1923 Kljujew was arrested in Wytegra and taken to Petrograd , only to be released soon. He now lived in Petrograd and Moscow . His new books have been heavily criticized. Soon Kljujew, like many other peasant poets, distanced himself from the Soviet reality, in which traditional peasantry was being destroyed. Soviet criticism saw the ideology of kulaks in his works .

In 1929 Kljujew met the young artist Anatoly Nikiforowitsch Yar Kravchenko , to whom he wrote his love poems and letters.

As Kljujew wrote in letters to Sergei Antonowitsch Klychkov and Vyacheslav Yakovlevich Shishkov , he was suspicious of his attitude against forced collectivization and the policies of the CPSU . When Kljuev sent a love hymn to a boy for publication to Ivan Mikhailovich Gronsky, who was chief editor of the Izvestia and Novy Mir newspapers in the 1930s and was unwilling to change the subject, Gronsky urged Genrich Grigoryevich Yagoda , the homosexual poet To remove Klyuev from Moscow, which Stalin agreed to.

On February 2, 1934, Klyyev was arrested in his Moscow apartment and charged with producing and distributing counter-revolutionary literature under Article 58 of the RSFSR Criminal Code . The trial was led by Nikolai Christoforowitsch Schiwarow . On March 5, 1934 Kljujew was exiled to Kolpashevo . In the fall of 1934 he was moved to Tomsk at the request of Nadezhda Andreevna Obuchova , Sergei Antonowitsch Klychkows and possibly Maxim Gorkis . There he was arrested during the Great Terror on March 23, 1936 for participating in a church counter-revolutionary group, but released on July 4, 1936 because of his illness.

On June 5, 1937, Kljujew was arrested again in Tomsk and sentenced to death by shooting on October 13, 1937 by the NKVD troika of Novosibirsk Oblast . On one of the days from October 23 to 25, he was shot in Kashak (due to a power failure, the executions were only documented afterwards).

Kljujew was rehabilitated in 1957, but a book of Kljujev's works did not appear until 1977. Wolfgang Kasack paid tribute to Kljuev's work.

On March 21, 1984, with the support of Vladimir Yakovlevich Lasarev, a first evening in memory of Kljuev took place in Moscow , on which Viktor Ivanovich Pantschenko performed his songs and romances based on words from Kljuev for the first time. Sergei Yuryevich Alipov created a monument to Klyuev , which was erected in Wytegra on August 27, 2016.

Works

literature

  • Witali Schentalinski : The risen word. Persecuted Russian writers in their final letters, poems, and records. From the archives of Soviet secret services , Gustav Lübbe Verlag, Bergisch Gladbach 1996. Chapter 12: The imprisoned word . ISBN 3-7857-0848-3
  • Ilma Rakusa: From heretics and classics, forays through Russian literature , Edition Suhrkamp 2325, Frankfurt am Main 2003, pp. 76–85. ISBN 3-518-12325-4

Web links

Commons : Nikolay Klyuev  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ BnF: Nikolaj Alekseevič Klûev (accessed on November 4, 2019).
  2. ↑ Большая российская энциклопедия: КЛЮ́ЕВ Николай Алексеевич (accessed November 4, 2019).
  3. ↑ a b c d Правительство Вологодской области: Клюев Николай Алексеевич (accessed November 4, 2019).
  4. ↑ a b c d Вечный Зов: Тайна смерти Николая Клюева (accessed November 4, 2019).
  5. ↑ Солнцева Н. М .: Странный эрос: Интимные мотивы поэзии Николая Клюева . Эллис Лак, Moscow 2000.
  6. ↑ Хили Д .: Гомосексуальное влечение в революционной России . Moscow 2008, p. 233, 447, 448 .
  7. ↑ Игорь Западалов: Николай Алексеевич Клюев (accessed November 4, 2019).
  8. ↑ Пичурин Л. Ф .: Последние дни Николая Клюева. Водолей, Tomsk 1995, p. 40 .
  9. ↑ 1936–1937 ГГ. КОНВЕЙЕР НКВД. ИЗ ХРОНИКИ "БОЛЬШОГО ТЕРРОРА" НА ТОМСКОЙ ЗЕМЛЕ (accessed November 4, 2019).
  10. ↑ Сергей Субботин: Мои встречи с Георгием Свиридовым . In: Наш современник . ( [1] [accessed November 4, 2019]).
  11. ↑ В Вытегре установили памятник поэту Николаю Клюеву (accessed November 4, 2019).
personal data
SURNAME Kljujew, Nikolai Alexejewitsch
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Клюев, Николай Алексеевич; Klyuev, Nicolai; Kliuev; Kluev; Klyuyev; Kluyev
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Russian writer
DATE OF BIRTH October 22, 1884
PLACE OF BIRTH Koschtug near Wytegra, Olonez Governorate
DATE OF DEATH October 23, 1937 or October 25, 1937
Place of death Tomsk