Nikolai Gavrilowitsch Tschernyshevsky

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Nikolai Gavrilowitsch Tschernyshevsky.

Nikolay Chernyshevsky ( Russian Николай Гаврилович Чернышевский , scientific transliteration Nikolaj Gavrilovic CernySevskii ; born July 12, jul. / 24. July  1828 greg. In Saratov , Russian Empire ; † October 17 . Jul / 29. October  1889 . Greg ibid) was a Russian writer , publicist , literary critic and revolutionary .

Life

Born the son of a priest , Nikolai G. Chernyshevsky spent his school days in Saratov. After completing his studies at the University of Petersburg , he taught literature at the high school in his hometown.

From 1853 to 1862 Chernyshevsky lived in Saint Petersburg . He was a contributor to independent magazines and an author. He criticized the oppression of the people in tsarist Russia in the 19th century as well as the petty-bourgeois attitudes of his contemporaries.

In 1862 Chernyshevsky was arrested for political reasons. In 1863 in prison he wrote the novel What to do? , in which he investigates the question of how idealistic people can change the world on a small scale.

A minor figure, the ascetic intellectual Rachmetov, became the model for countless nihilistic revolutionaries in tsarist Russia: In the novel, Rachmetov submits to the lowest labor such as that of the Treidler in order to gain the respect and love of the common people. He liquidates his assets and keeps only a small part of it for his own use, with the rest he supports students in need. At the same time he devotes his life to the study of literature and mysterious activities at home and abroad. In doing so, he renounces almost every enjoyment of life and a looming love affair in order to devote himself entirely to his unspecified vocation. In Soviet ideology , Rashmetov was the prototype of the perfect socialist man; he was the ideal type of professional revolutionary . Nevertheless, in order to circumvent censorship , he is not explicitly referred to as a revolutionary in the novel .

In 1864 Chernyshevsky was sentenced to a mock execution and then to exile to Siberia (from 1872 in Viljuisk ), which he was not allowed to leave until 1883. In 1889 he died in his native city of Saratov.

He advocated the revolutionary abolition of autocracy and represented the interests of the working class . He was convinced of the idea of ​​being able to create socialism on the basis of the structures of the rural population in Russia.

His views were mainly influenced by those of Alexander Herzen , Ludwig Feuerbach and Wissarion Belinski .

reception

Chernyshevsky's novel What to do? (Что делать?) Had a great influence on the Russian intelligentsia , who discussed it lively and controversially. In particular, many of Dostoyevsky's works show clear traces of dealing with this work.

Karl Marx was an avid reader of Chernyshevsky, admired him and owned seven of his original books.

The title of the book was given by Lenin at the beginning of the 20th century out of admiration for Chernyshevsky in his programmatic work What to do? accepted.

In Vladimir Nabokov's novel Die Gabe (from 1937) the fictional hero writes a critical biography of Chernyshevsky. Nabokov wrote this biography of 140 printed pages himself and included it in the novel as a “book within a book”.

Eponyms

In 1984 the asteroid (2783) Chernyshevskij was named after him.

Works

  • Чернышевский в Сибири / Tschernyschewski w Sibiri. Perepiska s drusjami. Statja EA Lyatskowo. Primechanija MN Chernyshevskovo. (Chernyshevsky in Siberia. Correspondence with his relatives). Ogni, St. Petersburg 1912
  • Полное собрание сочинений . / Polnoje sobranije sochineni. NG Chernyshevsky. Pod red. BP Kosmina (Collected Works). 15 vols., Moscow 1939–1953
  • Selected philosophical writings. Translated from the Russian by Alfred Kurella . Foreign Language Literature Publishing House, Moscow 1953
  • The aesthetic relations of art to reality . Berlin 1954
  • Progressive ideas in Lessing's aesthetics . German by Walter Dietze . Progress Verlag, Düsseldorf 1957
  • What to do? From stories about new people . 5th edition. Aufbau-Verlag, Berlin and Weimar 1979
  • Prolog. Novel from the early sixties . German by Irene Müller, 2nd edition. Aufbau-Verlag, Berlin and Weimar 1982

literature

  • G. Plekhanov : NG Tschernischewsky . JHW Dietz, Stuttgart 1894 (2nd edition "Vorwärts" bookstore, Paul Singer, Berlin 1911, 3rd edition Berlin 1920)
  • Georg Steklow : N. Techeryschewski. A picture of life . Dietz, Stuttgart 1913
  • Yuri Michailowitsch Steklow : NG Chernyshevsky. Ewo schisn i dejatelnost (German His life and work ). 1828-1889 . Gos Isdatelstwo (State Publishing House), Moscow, Leningrad 1928
  • W. Jewgrafow: Nikolai Tschernyshevsky. A great thinker of the Russian people . Publishing house for foreign language literature, Moscow 1941
  • Michael Wegner: Tschernyschewski, Nikolai Gawrilowitsch . In: Philosophers' Lexicon . Edited by a collective of authors. by Erhard Lange and Dietrich Alexander . Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1982, pp. 897-901
  • Manfred Orlick: The Forgotten Revolutionary. On the 120th anniversary of the death of Nikolai G. Teschernyshevsky . In: Pflaster Central German Street Magazine . Halle, S., Vol. 11, 2009, Sep / Oct., Pp. 18-19
  • Ernst-Ultrich Knaudt: Five letters without an address ─ Bakunin ─ Marx vs. Marx Ćernyśevskij . In: Contributions to Marx-Engels research. New episode 2012 . Argument, Hamburg 2014, ISBN 978-3-86754-680-5 , pp. 56-82.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Bianka Pietrow-Ennker: Russia's "new people". Campus-Verlag, Frankfurt / Main, New York 1999, p. 43 f. on-line
  2. ↑ Reinhard Lauer : The history of Russian literature. From 1700 to the present, CH Beck, Munich 2000, p. 372f
  3. ↑ Marx-Engels Complete Edition . Department IV. Vol. 32, No. 214 to 220, pp. 184-187
  4. ↑ Hans-Ulrich Treichel, spiegel.de
  5. ↑ Minor Planet Circ. 9215

Web links

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personal data
SURNAME Tschernyshevsky, Nikolai Gavrilowitsch
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Чернышевский, Николай Гаврилович (Russian); Černyševskij, Nikolaj Gavrilovič
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Russian writer and critic
DATE OF BIRTH July 24, 1828
PLACE OF BIRTH Saratov , Russian Empire
DATE OF DEATH October 29, 1889
Place of death Saratov , Russian Empire