Russula subnigricans
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Russula subnigricans , Japanese "ニ セ ク ロ ハ ツ"; Nisekurohatsu , is a poisonous agaric mushroom from the family of the deaf relatives (Russulaceae). He is the only pigeon that has been recognized as the cause of fatal poisoning.
features
Macroscopic features
Russula subnigricans is a relatively large deaf.
- Hat : diameter 9–20 centimeters, broadly arched upwards, later flattening and with a central depression with age; soft and greasy when wet. The hat color is very variable, it can vary from dirty white to rust-red to gray-brown and dull orange-yellow with all the nuances in between. The brim of the hat is slightly rolled up and not grooved .
- Lamellae : Alternating short and long, moderately thick, dirty white, brittle and quickly discoloring to dark red if injured; attached to slightly falling on the stem. The spore powder of the species is white.
- Stem : Without cuff and sheath , straight, 7–13 cm high, 3–7 cm thick, of uniform thickness or tapered at the bottom, full-fleshed, firm, colored like the lamellae, turning gray-brown or reddish with age or when injured.
- Flesh : thick, brittle, white with discoloration from red-brown to gray-brown. Uneven taste, varying between mild and slightly bitter.
Microscopic features
The spores have a diameter between 6 and 10 micrometers, are approximately round and have wart-like and keel-shaped ornaments that can be stained slightly blue with Melzer's reagent and Lugol's solution .
Species delimitation
The poisonous blubber Russula cantharellicola , which is suspected to be poisonous in California, resembles the Nisekurohatsu and grows like it under oaks, but remains significantly smaller, smells unpleasant when ripe and has fewer round, more oval spores with more easily colored, reticulated ornaments. Since the distribution areas of the two mushrooms do not overlap anywhere and both are considered inedible, the similarity remains of no practical importance for mushroom pickers.
Ecology and diffusion
Occurrences of Russula subnigricans are known from China , Japan , Taiwan and possibly the southeastern United States ; the species was first discovered in Japan in 1955. As a mycorrhizal fungus , it is always found under living trees, mostly oaks . The fruiting bodies can appear alone or individually or in groups and appear from late summer to early winter.
Toxicity and pharmacological importance
The Nisekurohatsu is the only deafling recognized as deadly poisonous. It can on the basis of Täublingsregel not be reliably identified as toxic as samples also fail mild and then let the fungal species appear as edible falsely. For safety reasons, pigeons meeting the above description should not be tasted even in small quantities. Among the poisoning by the fungus, severe and mild forms with very different symptoms are possible, both forms can occur at the same time.
Severe form: Tricholoma equestre syndrome
Cycloprop-2-ene-carboxylic acid was identified as the carrier of the poisonous effect. This is responsible for the more severe course of the intoxication and can lead to life-threatening disintegration of the striated muscle fibers in sensitive people . This muscle breakdown may be accompanied by muscle pain , high blood pressure , dehydration , kidney failure , arrhythmias , myocarditis and / or circulatory collapse .
If chest tightness , respiratory paralysis , muscle pain throughout the body, blood in the urine, myoglobinemia , kidney failure or a significant increase in creatine kinase level appear 6–12 hours after consumption , then severe Nisekurohatsu poisoning should be considered. This can lead to death 12–24 hours after ingestion of the poison, or up to 72 hours after ingestion of large amounts . As a treatment in addition to the usual activities one is for detoxification hemodialysis essential. Possible direct causes of death are cardiac arrest due to destruction of the heart muscle, respiratory paralysis due to damage to the diaphragm, or kidney failure due to secondary nephropathy .
Said clinical picture is also known as Tricholoma equestre syndrome , because the greenling ( Tricholoma equestre ) from the knightly family, which is not closely related to the Nisekoruhatsu, also triggered rhabdomyolysis and sometimes led to fatal fungal poisoning . Since the green compact does not result in any eating poisoning and otherwise prepared as the Nisekoruhatsu no indigestion, he was falsely to 2001 as edible mushroom out
Slight progression only with digestive disorders
Even people who are insensitive to cycloprop-2-ene-carboxylic acid can suffer from digestive disorders by consuming Nisekurohatsu ; this is a lighter, non-fatal form of poisoning. This is based on the content of the sootuphelins A – F in the fungus and reveals itself within two hours through nausea , vomiting , diarrhea and abdominal pain . The digestive disorders as such do not require any medical treatment and usually subside by themselves in 12–24 hours. They do not endanger life.
statistics
In southern China , Russula subnigricans is held responsible for 213 of the mushroom poisonings reported from 1995–2013, around 50% of which were fatal . Although the toxicity and effects of the fungus had been known for a long time, the toxin responsible for the muscle damage was not identified until 1999; As of December 2013, the exact mechanism of the severe form of poisoning was not yet known. The suspicion that the poisonous carboxylic acid is a direct cell poison could not be confirmed. In animal experiments on mice, ingestion of 2.5 milligrams of the dried mushroom per kilogram of body weight resulted in death. Assuming the same metabolism, this would mean that consuming two to three fruiting bodies is fatal for humans.
Anti-Tumor Ingredients
Among the Russuphelins there are some cancer-inhibiting substances . Russuphelin A was shown to be effective in vitro against tumor cells, and Russopheline B – E showed effects against leukemia cells of the type P388.
Taxonomy
Taxonomically belongs Russula subnigricans to section Compactae within the same subgenus .
annotation
- ↑ Evidence specifically with regard to the toxicology of the green body ( T. equestre ) is given in its species portrait .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f Russula subnigricans. Women's & Children's Hospital (WCH) - Toxinology Department, University of Adelaide , accessed October 16, 2016 .
- ↑ Michael Wood, Fred Stevens: California Fungi: Russula cantharellicola. In: The Fungi of California. MykoWeb.com. March 2014, accessed October 16, 2016 .
- ↑ a b c d Ben Hoffman: A deadly Russula. In: Cornell Mushroom Blog. Kathie T. Hodge, December 30, 2013, accessed October 16, 2016 .
- ^ A b Myung Soo Park, Hyun Lee, Seung-Yoon Oh, Paul Eunil Jung, Soon Ja Seok, Jonathan J. Fong, Young Woon Lim: Species delimitation of three species within the Russula subgenus Compacta in Korea: R. eccentrica, R nigricans, and R. subnigricans . In: Journal of Microbiology . tape 52 , no. 8 , August 2014, p. 631-638 , doi : 10.1007 / s12275-014-4168-z , PMID 24994012 .
- ↑ Linda Gail Price: Milkcaps. California Academy of Sciences , October 29, 2014, accessed October 16, 2016 .