North calotte
The northern calotte is the northernmost region of the Fennoscandinavian peninsula , which includes all provinces of Norway , Sweden , Finland and Russia that are at or above the Arctic Circle .
area
The northern calotte comprises the following provinces over an area of around 400,000 km²:
- in Norway the provinces (Norwegian: Fylker ) Nordland and Troms og Finnmark
- in Sweden the province (Swedish: Län ) Norrbottens län
- in Finland the former province of Lapland
- in Russia the Murmansk Oblast
In Sweden, Finland and Norway, the northern calotte area makes up around 30 percent of the country's area, but is only inhabited by around five percent of the population. The Russian parts of the north calotte were often no longer included in the area after 1917, as the border with the Soviet Union was closed after the Russian Revolution .
The area is mostly rather flat, only in the west do the mountains reach heights of over 2000 meters. The climate near the coast is shaped by the North Atlantic Current and leads to a sea that is navigable for ships even in winter. The region's natural resources, such as iron ore , are in the interests of various political actors.
history
For a long time, the area of today's north calotte was without fixed borders, so that the residents also roamed freely. Because of this unclear demarcation, many of the Sami nomads had to pay taxes several times. The tax claims also became territorial claims over time and in 1595 a border was drawn between Sweden-Finland and Russia. In 1751 there was a fixed border between Sweden and Norway, the border between Finland and Norway was regulated in 1826 after Finland passed to Russia in 1809. In 1852 the border between Finland and Norway was closed, followed by the closure of the Finnish-Swedish border in 1889. The border closings were problematic for the migrating Sami reindeer herders, among other things.
From the 1950s onwards, they began to work together again across national borders. In 1971, the Nordic Council of Ministers established a Nordkalott Committee with representatives from Sweden, Finland and Norway.
Differentiation from the terms Lapland and Sápmi
In a narrower sense, Lapland only includes the Swedish landscape (landskap) Lapland (an administrative province until 1634) and Finland's northernmost province of Lapland (Lapin lääni) .
In this context, Lapland is sometimes equated with Sápmi - the actual Sámi settlement area. According to the Sámi self-image, however, Sápmi extends far beyond the aforementioned historical provinces. Even if the Sami were displaced further north over the centuries, Sápmi now stretches from the Kola Peninsula in Russia to Idre in the Swedish province of Dalarna and Engerdal in today's Norwegian province of Innlandet .
See also
Web links
- Nordkalotten in the store norske leksikon (Norwegian)
- Nordkalotten in Den Store Danske Encyklopædi (Danish)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c north calottes . In: Store norske leksikon . August 1, 2019 ( snl.no [accessed May 29, 2020]).
- ↑ a b Eigil Christiansen: North calottes. The Danske store, October 19, 2009, accessed on May 29, 2020 (Danish).
- ↑ Northern calottes. In: Uppslagsverket Finland. Retrieved May 29, 2020 (Swedish).
- ↑ Gränser genome Sápmi. In: samer.se. Retrieved on May 29, 2020 (se).
- ↑ Historikk. Sametinget , January 13, 2017, accessed May 29, 2020 (Norwegian).