Nowik (ship, 1911)

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Nowik

Yakov Sverdlov

Imperial Russian Navy Военно-Морской Флот СССР (Soviet Naval Navy)
Novik (EM) 2.jpg
Pre-war shot of the Russian destroyer Novik
Ship data
Ship type destroyer
Construction data
Shipyard Putilov Shipyard St. Petersburg
Keel laying August 1, 1910
Launch 4th July 1911
Commissioning September 17, 1913
Whereabouts sunk on August 28, 1941 after a mine hit in the Gulf of Finland
Technical specifications
Water displacement (construction) 1,280 ts
Displacement (insert) 1,360 ts
length 102.43 m
width 9.5 m
Draft 3.0 m
Armament
(1913)
  • 4 × 102 mm guns / L 60
  • 4 × 7.62mm machine guns
  • 8 × torpedo tubes (4 × 2) Ø 457 mm
  • 50 mines
Armament
(1931)
  • 4 × 102 mm guns / L 60
  • 1 × 76.2 mm flak / L 55
  • 1 × 37 mm flak / L 67
  • 9 × torpedo tubes (3 × 3) Ø 457 mm
  • 60 mines
Propulsion system 3 AEG Vulcan turbine sets
6 oil-fired Vulcan water tube steam boilers
Machine performance approx. 40,000 PSw
Fuel supply 418 tons of oil
speed 36.0 knots
Driving range 1470 nm at 21 kn
crew 130 to 168 men

The Novik ( Russian Новик ) was a destroyer of the Imperial Russian Navy and Soviet Navy . It was the prototype of a class of new, very powerful torpedo boat destroyers ( large-scale destroyers ) designed according to modern aspects , which were created in the wake of the lost Russian-Japanese war and reinforced naval armament .

prehistory

The tsarist navy was considerably weakened by the losses of torpedo carriers and large combat units in the war of 1904/05. Both the Baltic Sea Fleet and the Pacific Squadron had lost almost all of their more modern ships and only the Black Sea Fleet , which was stationed in the Black Sea , but which was restricted in its operational capability by the Strait Treaty, still had combat value. With this in mind, and that of the Russian-French rapprochement, the naval command made considerable efforts to rearm and reorganize the fleet. Even during the fighting, 27 boats were ordered from French and German shipyards. At the Baltic Sea shipyards - some with foreign support - a further 24 large boats were built, which represented the leap to the actual destroyer and, due to the 1905 revolution , could only be completed between 1905 and 1907.

Construction and construction

Regarding the torpedo boat associations, however, as early as 1909 a much larger and heavier armed vehicle with an advanced turbine drive and a speed of over 30 knots was demanded . Accordingly, costs of around 1 million rubles (2.16 million gold marks) were assumed in the budget discussions. Corresponding offers were again obtained from experienced shipyards abroad.

The prototype selected was the draft of a relatively large vehicle with a weight of 1280 t, which had an oil-firing and turbine drive and was offered by AG Vulcan in Stettin . The entire project including the associated drawings was purchased and AG Vulcan received the order to supply the boiler and turbine system. The necessary funds, which the Committee for Strengthening the Russian Fleet made available through voluntary contributions , ended up being over 2 million rubles. The boat was originally supposed to be built by AG Vulcan, but after violent protests and intensive lobbying work, the Putilow shipyard in St. Petersburg was awarded the contract, which otherwise worked closely with the shipyard Blohm & Voss Hamburg and that of Putilow financially was involved.

Since the boat was a lot heavier than had been calculated during construction, Nowik did not achieve the full construction speed. AG Vulcan, from which this fact had been withheld, was thereupon obliged to carry out improvements at its own expense: With other screws and lengthened water tube boilers, the boat passed the mile at 37.6 knots in August 1913 and was thus the fastest ship of its time .

In service until 1919 and decommissioned

The Nowik
Russian special postage stamp from 1996

After the very intensive trials, in which Tsar Nicholas II took part personally, the Nowik was taken over by the Navy on September 17, 1913 and assigned to the First Cruiser Brigade in Kronstadt . The Nowik also took over the function of a guide ship for the torpedo boat armed forces.

1914

  • On August 26, 1914, a brief skirmish with the German torpedo boat SMS V 26 , which the crew of the small cruiser SMS Magdeburg that had run aground near Odensholm , which received several hits
  • on September 1, 1914 brief contact with the cruiser SMS Augsburg
  • Mine-laying in Gdańsk Bay on October 16
  • on November 1, 1914, laying mines off Memel
  • on 5th / 6th November 1914 short battle with the small cruiser SMS Thetis off Pillau
  • on November 15, 1914, laying mines off Memel and in the Danzig Bay
  • on 23/24 November 1914 Mine laying north of the Stolpe Bank

1915

  • on 2/3 May 1915 Mine laying in Irbenstrasse
  • on 6./7. May 1915 Mine laying off Libau , during which a short battle with the small cruiser SMS Munich
  • on May 8, 1915, laying mines in Irbenstrasse , securing them with gunboats Chrabry and Grozjatschtschi
  • on June 28, 1915 reconnaissance voyage to Lyser Ort , including a short battle with the cruiser SMS Lübeck
  • On July 1, 1915, operation against German outpost forces near Memel, after the mine operation was discovered by SMS Albatross to be intercepted (see: Gotland Raid )
  • On August 9, 1915, mine-laying in the Irbenstrasse road, which had already been cleared during the German advance into the Riga Bay
  • On August 14, 1915, together with the older destroyers General Kondratenko and Ochotnik, a short battle with German torpedo boats SMS V 191 , SMS G 193 and SMS G 194 in Irbenstrasse
  • on August 17, 1915 battle with the large torpedo boat SMS V 99 , which was severely damaged and forced into a minefield, where it later sank
  • on August 27, 1915 mine-laying in Irbenstrasse
  • on 10/11 November 1915 Mine-laying with capital ships and cruisers south of Gotland Island
  • On November 20, 1915 attack on the German outpost line off Windau, while the German outpost boat Norburg was shot down by Nowik

1916

  • On January 6th, 1916 mine laying off Steinort , later towing of the destroyer Sabijaka, severely damaged by mines off Dagerort, to Reval
  • on June 10, 1916 attempt to intercept German Lulea escort off the Swedish coast with Pobeditel , Grom and Orfei as well as the cruisers Rurik , Oleg and Bogatyr
  • On June 13, 1916 with the same ships and eight older destroyers of the Ukraina class, fighting a German Lulea convoy, while the U-boat trap Ship H was shot down and later sunk
  • ran aground near Nargen on July 9, 1916 and brought her to Helsinki by icebreaker Pyotr Veliki
  • On September 12, 1916, advance with ship of the line Slawa , cruiser Diana and seven destroyers against German naval forces in Irbenstrasse
  • on 10/11 November 1916 unsuccessful attempt against the German X. torpedo boat flotilla , which expired after the bombardment of Baltischport and which had lost seven of eleven boats in a minefield

1917

1918

  • after the Finland intervention in March and April 1918 transfer with the Baltic fleet during the ice march from Hangö to Kronstadt
  • Decommissioned on September 9, 1918 and trailer in Petrograd naval port until 1925

1919

  • Renamed Jakow Swerdlow on July 13, 1926 after the revolutionary Jakow Swerdlow
  • Conversion to flotilla leader from September 26, 1925 to August 30, 1929

As Jakow Sverdlov from 1931

After the conversion to a flotilla leader boat, which was delayed due to the circumstances until 1929, the Nowik was put back into service in the same year and assigned to the Frunze Navy Academy in Leningrad as a boat. During a further large shipyard layover from November 28, 1937 to December 8, 1940, it was dismantled to a normal fleet destroyer and then taken over into the Baltic fleet.

Downfall

The Jakow Sverdlov sank on August 28, 1941 at 9:00 p.m. on the Juminda mine barrier during the evacuation voyage from the Tallinn fleet base to Kronstadt, along with four other destroyers and several smaller ships in the Gulf of Finland. On board was also the Estonian head of government and chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Estonian SSR , which had been proclaimed after the occupation by the Soviet Union on July 21, 1940, Johannes Lauristin , who died in the sinking.

Derivatives based on the Novik design

The prototype boat Nowik was so convincing in its properties and its considerable potential that it served as the basis for no fewer than 65 planned or realized boats, which are also known as the Nowik class . The fact that the various shipyards modified the design according to their own ideas or those of their foreign cooperation partners should not be seen as an improvement to existing deficiencies: The modifications primarily affected the boiler and turbine systems favored by the various shipyards, on which patents or licenses were held been. Slight deviations in size corresponded with this and with the requirements of the Russian Navy. The potential of the design is indicated by the fact that the Russian side still used 14 boats as naval destroyers during the Second World War and some were still in active service until 1956.

Baltic fleet

Destroyer Letun the Orfei Class 1916
  • Leitenant-Iljin class : 8 boats according to Blohm & Voss plans ordered in 1912
  • Orfei class : 8 boats according to Blohm & Voss plans ordered in 1912
  • Gawriil class : 6 boats according to Blohm & Voss plans ordered in 1912
  • Isjaslav class : 5 boats according to Normand plans ordered in 1912
  • Gogland class : 9 boats according to Schichau plans ordered in 1912, not finished

Black Sea Fleet

Destroyer Frunze ex- Bystry of the Shchastliwy class

German Imperial Navy

German torpedo boat SMS B 112 of the B 97 series

literature

  • JG Stepanow, IF Zwetkow: Destroyer «Nowik». Sudostrojenije Publishing House, Leningrad 1981. (Russian)
  • P. Likhachev: Ėskadrennye minonostsy tipa "Novik" v VMF Rossii SSSR. (Destroyer of the «Novik» class in the Soviet Navy ). Istflot, Samara 2005, ISBN 5-98830-009-X .
  • Harald Fock: Black journeymen. Volume 2 Destroyer until 1914. Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft, Herford 1981, ISBN 3-7822-0206-6 .
  • Harald Fock: Z-before! Volume 1: International development and war missions of destroyers and torpedo boats 1914 to 1939. Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft, Herford 1998, ISBN 3-7822-0207-4 .
  • Robert Gardiner: Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis / Maryland 1985, ISBN 0-87021-907-3 .
  • Hans Mehl: Destroyers and Torpedo Boats. transpress, Publishing House for Transport, Berlin 1983
  • Michael J. Whitley: Destroyer in World War II. Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-613-01426-2 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Reclam's universe world tour . Issue 52. Reclam, Leipzig 1913, p. 449 .

Web links