Donkey thistles

Donkey thistles
	Common donkey thistle ( Onopordum acanthium ), illustration from Thomés Flora of Germany, Austria and Switzerland 1885.
Systematics
	Euasterids II
Order :	Astern-like (Asterales)
Family :	Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily :	Carduoideae
Tribe :	Cardueae
Genre :	Donkey thistles
Scientific name
	Onopordum
	L.

The thistle ( Onopordum ) is a genus in the subfamily of Carduoideae within the family of the daisy family (Asteraceae).

description

Achena with pappus from Onopordum nervosum

Vegetative characteristics

Onopordum species are biennial , herbaceous plants ; they are rarely perennial. A rosette is formed in the first year. In the second year, they grow to sometimes impressive heights of 0.5 to 4 meters and plant diameters of 1.5 meters. They are covered with loose and cobweb-like hair.

The mostly sessile leaves are serrated or pinnate, wavy and thorny. Their broad, sloping edges form thorny wings on the stem.

Generative characteristics

The entire inflorescence is spreading and branched. The basket-shaped part inflorescences are large, spherical and multi-row with stiff thorny Hüllblättchen surrounded. There are only purple (rarely white or pink) tubular flowers .

The achenes are flattened and four to five-sided. The pappus consists of many rows of bristles that have grown together at their base.

Systematics and distribution

Stemless donkey thistle ( Onopordum acaulon )

Onopordum cynarocephalum

Detail of an inflorescence with a flower head of Onopordum platylepis

The genus Onopordum was established by Carl von Linné . The botanical generic name Onopordum is made up of the Greek words : ónos for donkey and porde for flatulence.

The genus Onopordum belongs to the subtribe Carduinae from the tribe Cardueae in the subfamily Carduoideae within the family Asteraceae .

Species and their distribution

Most types of onopordum have their areas in the Mediterranean countries; they occur from Central Europe to Central Asia and North Africa. In some countries, individual species have been introduced as ornamental plants and are rapidly spreading as invasive plants .

There are about 40 (25 to 60) species in the genus of the donkey thistle ( Onopordum ) (selection):

Common donkey thistle ( Onopordum acanthium L. )
Stemless donkey thistle ( Onopordum acaulon L. ): It is found in Spain , France , Morocco , Algeria and Tunisia .
Onopordum alexandrinum Boiss. : It occurs in Egypt , the Sinai Peninsula , Israel , Jordan and the area of Syria and Lebanon .
Onopordum anatolicum (Boiss.) Eig : It occurs in Turkey .
Onopordum arenarium (Desf.) Pomel : It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya .
Onopordum armenum Grossh. (Syn. Onopordum frickii Tamamsch. ): It occurs in Armenia and Turkey.
Onopordum bracteatum Boiss. & Hero. : It occurs on the islands of the Aegean Sea, on Crete , on Cyprus and in Turkey.
Onopordum candidum Nábělek : It occurs in Turkey.
Onopordum caricum Hub.-Mor. : It occurs in Turkey.
Onopordum caulescens d'Urv. : It occurs in Malta , on the islands of the Aegean Sea, in Greece and in Turkey.
Onopordum cinereum Grossh. : It occurs in Transcaucasia .
Onopordum corymbosum Willk. (Syn. Onopordum tauricum subsp. Corymbosum (Willk.) Nyman , Onopordum humile Loscos ): It occurs in Spain and France.
Onopordum cynarocephalum Boiss. & Blanche : It occurs in Israel, Jordan in Lebanon and in Syria.
Onopordum davisii Rech. F. : It occurs in Turkey.
Onopordum dissectum Murb. : It occurs in Spain and Morocco.
Onopordum heteracanthum C.A.Mey. (Syn. Onopordum anisacanthum Boiss. ): It occurs in Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, in the area of Israel and Jordan and in Transcaucasia.
Onopordum illyricum L .: It occurs in southern Europe and in the Middle East .
Onopordum jordanicola Eig : It occurs in Israel and Jordan.
Onopordum laconicum Heldr. & Sart. ex Rouy : It occurs in Greece.
Onopordum leptolepis DC. : It was first described from the area of Iran.
Onopordum macracanthum Schousb. : It occurs in Portugal , Spain, the Balearic Islands , Sardinia , Morocco and Algeria.
Onopordum majorii Beauverd : It occurs on the islands of the Aegean Sea and on Crete.
Onopordum messeniacum Halácsy : It occurs in Greece.
Onopordum micropterum Pau (Syn. Onopordum nogalesii Svent. ): It occurs in Spain and Fuerteventura .
Onopordum nervosum Boiss. : It occurs in Portugal and Spain.
Onopordum platylepis (Murb.) Murb. : It occurs in Tunisia and Libya.
Onopordum prjachinii Tamamsch. : It occurs in Central Asia.
Onopordum sarrafii C.C.Townsend : It comes in Iraq before.
Onopordum seravschanicum Tamamsch. : It occurs in Central Asia.
Onopordum sirsangense Rech.f. : It occurs in Turkey.
Turkish donkey thistle ( Onopordum tauricum Willd. , Syn. Onopordum argolicum Boiss. ): It occurs in southern Europe, southeastern Europe and Turkey.
Onopordum turcicum Danin : It occurs in Turkey.

Hybrids

Onopordum × brevicaule Gonz. Sierra, Pérez Morales, Penas & Rivas Mart. (= Onopordum acanthium × Onopordum acaulon )
Onopordum × erectum Gonz. Sierra, Pérez Morales, Penas & Rivas Mart. (= Onopordum corymbosum × Onopordum nervosum subsp. Castellanum )
Onopordum × macronervosum Gonz. Sierra, Pérez Morales, Penas & Rivas Mart. (= Onopordum macrocanthum × Onopordum nervosum )
Onopordum × onubense Gonz. Sierra, Pérez Morales, Penas & Rivas Mart. (= Onopordum dissectum × Onopordum macrocanthum )
Onopordum × spinosissimum Gonz. Sierra, Pérez Morales, Penas & Rivas Mart. (= Onopordum acanthium × Onopordum illyricum )

use

The bottoms of the flower heads that have not yet opened up can be prepared like artichokes .

swell

literature

David J. Keil: Onopordum. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 (Mutisieae – Anthemideae). Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9 , pp. 87-88 (English). , same text online as the printed work.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c David J. Keil: Onopordum. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 (Mutisieae – Anthemideae). Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9 , pp. 87-88 (English). , same text online as the printed work.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x Werner Greuter: Compositae (pro parte majore) : Onopordum. In: Werner Greuter , Eckhard von Raab-Straube (ed.): Compositae. Datasheet at Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2006–2009.
↑ Assessment of the accepted species by C. Flann (Ed.), 2009+: Global Compositae Checklist . last accessed on February 9, 2012
^ CC Townsend: A New Iraqi Species of Onopordum (Compositae): Contributions to the Flora of Iraq: XIV. In: Kew Bulletin. Volume 42, No. 2, 1987, pp. 439-441. JSTOR 4109703
↑ Peter Schönfelder , Ingrid Schönfelder: The Kosmos medicinal plants guide. European medicinal and poisonous plants. 6., rework. Edition. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-440-06954-0 , p. 166.

Web links

Commons : Donkey Thistle ( Onopordum ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

[FoNA2006-1] David J. Keil: Onopordum. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 (Mutisieae – Anthemideae). Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9 , pp. 87-88 (English). , same text online as the printed work.

[Euro+Med-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x Werner Greuter: Compositae (pro parte majore) : Onopordum. In: Werner Greuter , Eckhard von Raab-Straube (ed.): Compositae. Datasheet at Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2006–2009.

[GCC-3] Assessment of the accepted species by C. Flann (Ed.), 2009+: Global Compositae Checklist . last accessed on February 9, 2012

[Townsend1987-4] CC Townsend: A New Iraqi Species of Onopordum (Compositae): Contributions to the Flora of Iraq: XIV. In: Kew Bulletin. Volume 42, No. 2, 1987, pp. 439-441. JSTOR 4109703

[Schönfelder1995-5] Peter Schönfelder , Ingrid Schönfelder: The Kosmos medicinal plants guide. European medicinal and poisonous plants. 6., rework. Edition. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-440-06954-0 , p. 166.