Lease area
A lease area (also concession called) is part of the territory of a country of origin, the latter to another state as leased, the lease end state where the sovereign accepts completely or partially. This form of land acquisition is largely historical and was mainly used in the age of imperialism at the end of the 19th century.
Design
As a rule, such leases took place under considerable political and / or military pressure or even the use of force. A prerequisite was that the landlord had at least a somewhat intact state. Otherwise there was an annexation on the part of the absorbing state or a colony was founded in an area without a state structure or with a state structure that the absorbing state did not recognize . As a rule, the leases were limited in time and the leasing state took over the sovereignty in the lease area completely. The reason for acquiring such a lease area was usually to establish a military base or a trading post under one's own sovereignty, far away from one's own national territory. As a rule, leased areas were administered like a colony: in relation to other countries, they were considered to be the inland of the leasing state, but in relation to the inland of the leasing state, they were considered foreign. This form of taking over sovereignty was practiced by the European colonial powers at the end of the 19th century, especially with regard to China .
The lease area must be distinguished from the pledging of territory , an instrument primarily from the early modern period in Central Europe , in which the income from one territory is assigned to another state in order to repay existing debts or to pay interest on such debts.
Examples
| Actual lease period | Agreed lease time | designation | Sending state | First leasing state | annotation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1670-19. Century | unlimited | Macau | China | Kingdom of Portugal | In fact in Portugal from 1552 to 1999, leased in 1670, since the 19th century run as a colony |
| 1843-1854 | unlimited | Santo Tomás de Castilla | Guatemala | Belgium | given up |
| 1846-1863 | ? | British lease area Shanghai | China | Great Britain | risen in the international lease area Shanghai |
| 1848-1863 | ? | US lease area Shanghai | China | United States | risen in the international lease area Shanghai |
| 1849-1946 | ? | French lease area Shanghai | China | France | |
| 1856–1943? | ? | Shamian | China | Great Britain | |
| 1856–1943? | ? | Shamian | China | France | |
| 1860-1946 | ? | Tianjin (Tientsin) | China | France | |
| 1860-1943 | unlimited | Tianjin (Tientsin) | China | Great Britain | |
| 1860-1937 | - | Beijing Legation District | China | International community | |
| 1862-1929 | ? | Hankow | China | Great Britain | 1927–1929: joint Sino-British administration |
| 1863-1941 | ? | Shanghai International Lease Area | China | UK and USA | |
| ? -1910 | ? | Busan | Korea | Japan | Japan completely occupied Korea in 1910 . |
| ? -1910 | ? | Incheon | Korea | Japan | Japan completely occupied Korea in 1910 |
| 1886-1943 | ? | Hankow | China | France | 1943: Japanese occupation, 1946: France surrenders |
| 1886-1920 | ? | Hankow | China | Russia | |
| 1893-1911 | ? | Leasehold land Tati (Tati Concessions Land) | Matabele Kingdom | Tati Concessions Limited | 1911 to Bechuanaland (today: Botswana ) |
| 1894-1910 | see Note | Lado enclave | Great Britain | Congo Free State | Leased for life to the King of Belgium Leopold II. |
| 1895-1917 | ? | Hankow | China | Germany | |
| 1898-1945 | ? | Tianjin (Tientsin) | China | Japan | |
| 1898-1922 | 99 years | Kiautschou | China | Germany | 1919 to Japan |
| 1898-1922 | 25 years | Port Arthur ( Lüshunkou ) | China | Russia | 1905 to Japan |
| 1898-1930 | 25 years | Wei-Hai-Wei | China | Great Britain | |
| 1898-1943 | 99 years | Guangzhouwan | China | France | Occupied by Japan in 1943 |
| 1898-1945 | ? | Hankow | China | Japan | |
| 1898-1997 | 99 years | Hong Kong ( New Territories ) | China | Great Britain | |
| 1899-1917 | ? | Tianjin (Tientsin) | China | Germany | |
| 1901-1947 | ? | Tianjin (Tientsin) | China | Italy | |
| 1901-1917 | ? | Tianjin (Tientsin) | China | Austria-Hungary | In the 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain to China |
| 1902-1929 | ? | Tianjin (Tientsin) | China | Belgium | Abandoned in 1929 |
| 1903-1920 | ? | Tianjin (Tientsin) | China | Russia | Occupied by China in 1920; 1924 waiver by the Soviet Union |
| 1940-1941 | 30 years | Hanko | Finland | Soviet Union | Cleared before fighting began in the Continuation War |
| 1944-1955 | 50 years | Porkkala lease area | Finland | Soviet Union | Returned early |
| 1894-1909 | see Note | Partial areas of the Congo Free State | Congo Free State | Great Britain | Leased for the life of King Leopold II of Belgium |
| 1903 until today | unlimited | Guantanamo | Cuba | United States | The lease contract is considered invalid by Cuba. |
| 1903-1999 | unlimited | Panama Canal Zone | Panama | United States |
literature
- Rudolf Kirchschläger : Leased areas . In: Hans-Jürgen Schlochauer (Ed.): Dictionary of international law . 2nd ed. 1961. Vol. 2, pp. 708-710.
Remarks
- ↑ Established de facto without a contract, legally secured with the 1901 Boxer Protocol .
- ↑ after 1873
- ↑ after 1873
- ↑ In 1894 a larger area was leased to Leopold II, but only the area later known as the Lado enclave was occupied. In 1906 the lease area was contractually reduced to the Lado enclave.
- ↑ 1915 extended to 99 years compared to Japan.
- ↑ The lease period was linked to that of Port Arthur. However, after the return of Port Arthur to China in 1922, Great Britain kept the area.
- ↑ Hong Kong Island and what is now Kowloon were gradually annexed by Great Britain from 1841, while the area north of it (from today's Border Street ) and 235 islands were taken over as lease areas from 1898.
- ↑ 1903: for 99 years, unlimited since 1934