Pauline Monastery (Braunschweig)
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The Pauline monastery as an armory in the 18th century,
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Engravings by Anton August Beck .
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| Location of the Pauline monastery on a map of the city of Braunschweig around 1400. ( ⊙ )
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| The current location of the Paulinerchor on a map of the city of Braunschweig from 1899. ( ⊙ ) |
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The Pauline monastery in Braunschweig was built in the 14th century and until the Reformation it was the seat of the Dominicans who have been living in the city since 1294 . The building served as an armory from the beginning of the 18th century to 1867 , later as a museum and was demolished in 1903. The "Paulinerchor" , which was moved to the Aegidienkirche in 1906, has been preserved .
History of construction and use
Founding of a monastery against urban resistance
In 1294 the Dominicans, also known as preachers or "Paulines" in Braunschweig, received permission from Duke Albrecht II to build a monastery in the city on the intercession of King Adolf of Nassau . Resistance existed on the part of the council and the urban clergy, who viewed the mendicant orders of the Dominicans and Franciscans as competition.
On August 13, 1307, the Dominicans acquired a plot of land on Bohlweg from the ducal truchess Jordanus. The property was opposite the Dankwarderode Castle, in the south of Hagenstadt and east of the Oker. The new monastery was now in the Diocese of Halberstadt. The Dominicans took over an aristocratic court with an already existing chapel. One can therefore assume that the monks already worked in Braunschweig from 1307 onwards.
The Paulines were settled by Duke Albrecht II in a very central location, which is unusual for the mendicant orders, and surrounded by mansions. He proceeded in a similar way in 1304 when the Dominicans settled in Göttingen . The founding of the two monasteries can be interpreted as the political strategy of Duke Albrecht II. He tried to find contact people among the citizens of the city through a religious presence in the citizen cities in order to maintain and expand his influence on the cities, which was important for the rule of the country.
To secure the construction of the monastery, the important theologian Meister Eckhart , then Provincial of the Order of Saxonia, visited the city on June 23, 1309, but could not prevail against the council. This is handed down in the municipal degeding book in Low German: Brother Eckhart, the provincial of the "Pauler", has promised to the council that all buildings should remain here as they are now, if a messenger from the papal court would come with the message, that they can continue building, they should not build bridges and other objects that could harm the city, unless it is done with the will of the council. Brother Klaus, the prior of Hildesheim, and brother Henrec, the prior of Halberstadt, were present as witnesses.
The existing resistance to the now interrupted construction was only overcome with the approval of Pope Clement V on January 23, 1310. In the same year, the Pauline Monastery was officially admitted to the Northern German order province of Saxonia within the Diocese of Halberstadt at the General Chapter of the Dominicans in Piacenza . Like the Franciscans, the Paulines were also active in pastoral care in the city, which was regulated in a local concordat in 1319. The mendicant monks of the Pauline monastery should respect the privileges of the principality and the city and should not “withdraw” believers from the regular churches. In relation to the already existing city clergy, the city council and the citizenship, the Dominicans undertook to sell them inherited wills within one year, not to preach during the daily masses held in the parish churches and not to advertise the order among the citizens' sons. On the other hand, they were allowed to preach on Sundays and public holidays, taking turns with the Franciscans. In 1319 there was evidence of a monastery convent under a prior for the first time. The Dominicans also looked after the school of the Katharinenkirche .
Consecration 1343
Bishop Albrecht von Halberstadt , the son of Duke Albrecht II, consecrated the hall church, built in high Gothic form, in 1343 , whose patrons were the Apostles Paulus , Thomas Aquinas and other saints. The Paulinerkirche had a construction plan similar to that of the somewhat larger Brothers Church of the Braunschweig Franciscan Monastery . The church had 13 altars, including those of various guilds (1426 cloth makers, 1429 goldsmiths, tanners, Guild of Our Lady). The monastery was often considered in wills, with which the right to burial in the monastery cemetery was connected. The various guild altars and the mention in wills suggest that the Dominicans in Braunschweig maintained diverse and intensive contacts with municipal corporations and guilds. The cloister was still being built in 1438. Structural renovations took place between 1501 and 1512. The pulpit, created by Hans Witten during this time , is now in the Aegidienkirche. The keystone of the west gable bore the year 1525.
Reformation time
After the Reformation was introduced, the Dominicans left the city in 1528 on the advice of the council. An attempt to return failed in 1531. The Dominicans kept their promise that they did not want to acquire any more property. The monastery library became the property of the city, with remnants still in the city library . The Protestant service was temporarily stopped in 1546 because the church was intended to accommodate the Wolfenbüttel gun. The monastery and church were subsequently also used to store timber and grain. The monastery garden was bought in 1570 by Duchess Hedwig, Duke Julius ' wife , with the proceeds going to the Katharineum . Later, services were held in the church again by the coadjutor of the city superintendent, until these ended in 1682 and the coadjutor was given the sermon at the Aegidienkirche.
Armory and Museum
At the beginning of the 18th century, Duke Anton Ulrich had the Pauline monastery converted into a princely armory, so that the former municipal armory at the Brothers Church slowly fell into disrepair. The renovation work started in 1712 was provisionally completed in 1735 with the erection of the magnificent front on Bohlweg by JG von Möring. The gable relief with the initials of Duke Ludwig Rudolf , who died in 1735, is preserved in the Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum .
Under Duke Charles I , the renovation was finally completed in 1764. He had the art and natural history chamber established in 1754, the forerunner collection of today's Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum , set up in the south wing . In 1902/03 the former monastery complex was demolished, with the choir and parts of the baroque enclosure at the Aegidienkirche being rebuilt as part of the Vaterländisches Museum , today's Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum.
New start in 1951
With the new St. Albertus Magnus monastery built in 1958 in Brucknerstraße at the intersection of Hagen- and Rebenring, the Dominicans returned to Braunschweig after more than 400 years .
literature
- Ludwig Hänselmann (ed.): Document book of the city of Braunschweig. Volume 2, No. 640, Braunschweig 1895, p. 644.
- Richard Moderhack : Brunswick town history. Braunschweig 1997.
- Christof Römer : The Dominicans in Braunschweig. From the medieval Pauline monastery to the St. Albertus Magnus monastery (= publications of the Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum. Volume 25). Braunschweig 1980.
- Christof Römer: Dominicans and sovereignty around 1300. The founding of the Göttingen and Braunschweig religious houses by Duke Albrecht II and Master Eckhart. In: The Diocese of Hildesheim in the past and present. Volume 49, 1981, pp. 19–32.
- Christof Römer: Pauline monastery. In: Luitgard Camerer , Manfred Garzmann , Wolf-Dieter Schuegraf (eds.): Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon . Joh. Heinr. Meyer Verlag, Braunschweig 1992, ISBN 3-926701-14-5 , p. 178 .
- Carl Schiller : The medieval architecture of Braunschweig and its immediate surroundings. Brunswick 1852.
- Arno Weinmann: Braunschweig as a sovereign residence in the Middle Ages (= supplements to the Braunschweigischer Jahrbuch. Volume 7). Braunschweig 1991.
- Johannes Zahlten, Ingema Reuter, Gerd Winner : St. Albertus Magnus - Dominicans in Braunschweig. Hildesheim / Lamspringe 2008,
- Johannes Zahlten: The medieval buildings of the Dominicans and Franciscans in Lower Saxony and their furnishings - an overview. In: Cord Meckseper (Ed.): Stadt im Wandel. Art and culture of the bourgeoisie in Northern Germany 1150–1650. Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt 1985, Volume 4, p. 371.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Christof Römer: Dominicans and sovereignty around 1300. p. 22.
- ↑ a b c d Christof Römer: Dominicans and sovereignty around 1300. P. 28.
- ↑ a b c d e Johannes Zahlten: The medieval buildings of the Dominicans and Franciscans in Lower Saxony and their furnishings. P. 377.
- ↑ Christof Römer: The Dominicans in Braunschweig. ... p. 18.
- ↑ a b c Christof Römer: Dominicans and sovereignty around 1300. P. 32.
- ↑ Christof Römer: Dominicans and sovereignty around 1300. P. 29.
- ^ Braunschweig document book. Volume 2, No. 640, p. 644 f. ed. Ludwig Hänselmann, Braunschweig 1895. “Broder Eckehart dhe provoncial dhere Paulere hefte redhet wedher dhen council, dhat all dhingh stan scarf vmme ere bv hir, as et nv steyt; keme och en Bode vteme houe to Rome, dhaz se nvwen wanted, se ne scolden not bvwen van brucken edher other things, dhat thhere stat schedelek were, se ne deden et by means of wheel. Dhar was over brodher Clauus dhe prior to Hilden and brodher Henrec dhe prior van Halberstat. Acrum ad M CCC IX vigilia b. iohannis baptiste. "
- ↑ a b Christof Römer: Dominicans and sovereignty around 1300. P. 30.
- ↑ a b Christof Römer: Dominicans and sovereignty around 1300. P. 31.
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