Pavee

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Pavees with a decorated carriage (1954)

As Pavee , English and Tinker , Gypsy , Itinerant or Irish Traveler and Irish Lucht Siuil called, is a member of the same name and as a driving referred Irish described sociocultural group origin, especially in Ireland , Great Britain and the United States lives. In addition, pavees can also be found in smaller numbers in Australia and Canada . With travel or driving is meant a form of permanent internal migration that has historically been conditioned by economic, legal and social exclusion and is culturally entrenched , which has been and is still partly carried out by families.

Designations

Pavee is one of the own names of Irish travelers, which, like Minkiers or Irish , Lucht Siúil (the walking people) is common.

The widespread foreign name Tinker arose from the context of the English expression tinplate for tinplate , d. H. tinned iron sheet. Similar to the German tinker, it refers to a historically particularly widespread trade in this group, the repair and manufacture of cheap kitchen utensils. Other foreign names, mostly derogatory, are pikeys , knackers and also gypsies ( gypsies ). The Pavee, however, are not ethnically related to Roma groups. The terms gyppo and pikey are particularly common in Great Britain and have negative connotations .

In Ireland, the term Itinerants ( English : Roving or Wandering ) used for Pavees. Today, however, many of those affected attach importance to being named with their own name pavee or the widespread and rather neutral third-party name travelers .

History and culture

The Pavee are sociologically comparable to the Central European Yenish and Spanish Mercheros - all three groups traditionally combine collecting junk with traveling and peddling. The umbrella term travelers or gens de voyage is also used for them and others on a European political level.

The Pavee live with a different language, culture and value system within a traditionally sedentary society and culture. Getting married within a group, also for economic reasons (dowry etc.), plays an important role and is subject to internal rules. Marriages are arranged early and entered young. They mostly reject a prescribed, formal and state education and pass on knowledge and values ​​in a premodern way on the path of family and group socialization. As people without a permanent address and with less transparent ways of working and cultural peculiarities, they have long been stigmatized by the majority of society and exposed to the suspicion of state institutions.

There are different ideas about the historical origin of the Pavee. The fact that the names of the Pavee families do not differ from the Irish names suggests that they represent a subgroup of the Irish population. This also corresponds to the Pavee's own vision, as has been confirmed by recent studies. According to this, it could be assumed that the members of the group, like comparable groups in other countries (see above), have fallen out of the majority population due to socio-economic processes or have come to its fringes, but not go back to a historical group of other ethnicity, as is sometimes claimed.

Two determinations of origin, reducing to isolated historical events and therefore hardly plausible, name the reconquest of Ireland by Oliver Cromwell (1649–1653) and the Great Famine in Ireland from 1845 to 1852 ( The Great Famine , Irish: An Gorta Mór ) as the reason for the origin of the Pavee.

As is regularly the case with socio-cultural and ethno-cultural groups, which are perceived by the majority viewer as fascinatingly different and "exotic", in this case, too, authors of the 19th and 20th centuries offer mythical declarations of origin, such as the myth of a cryptic one Group of the Tarish as ancestors. This is presumably a purely literary invention of recent years.

Traditionally they were peddlers, traveling craftsmen (tinsmiths, coppersmiths, tinkers, etc.) and horse traders. Historically, the Tinker migration played an important role in spreading music, stories, and news. In times without modern media and with restricted mobility, travelers in remote areas were essential conveyors of culture and information. In this way, they stylistically influenced sedentary musicians and contributed significantly to the development of Irish folk .

By William Shakespeare is 1594 in his book Taming of the Shrew with the main characters, the Tinker Sly addressed the group. Another literary treatment of the Irish Tinker milieu in the 18th century can be found in John Millington Synge's two-act play The Kesselflickerhochzeit ( The Tinker's Wedding , 1909).

Appleby Horse Fair with Tinker horses, 2013

Pavee have met for the annual horse trade at the Appleby horse fair in Cumbria in northern England for over a hundred years .

Great Britain and Ireland

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

The divergent lifestyle - living together in a large family group and a way of life perceived as nomadic - as well as the notion of increased delinquency associated with the appearance of the minority generate conflicts between the Pavee and the majority population, especially in urban areas and for spatial planning reasons. Permits to build barracks and set up caravans are often not obtained, as travelers assume in advance that these will not be granted. The Pavee then appeal to human, minority, custom and basic rights for the legitimacy of their camps and settlements. At times, the tactic of retroactive approval was followed, which was discussed in the British election campaign in 2005 by Michael Howard of the Conservative Party to the detriment of travelers. Recently, travelers have increasingly been pushed to the margins of society by zone planning and approval procedures, with the corresponding negative social consequences (slums, etc.). According to a recent poll, 75 percent of the English population reject local travelers in their neighborhood. The media do the rest to anchor the negative image of travelers, and the tabloid press discriminates against them in public.

However, this slander by the press has also recently become a public topic in the media.

It is difficult to prove statistically whether travelers , also a synonym for crooks, have a significantly higher crime rate. On the other hand, it looks different with violations and offenses against authorities and landscape sovereignty. According to a government investigation, 5% of travelers are currently in British prisons, compared to 0.13% of the total population.

United States

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

The travelers in the USA are divided into a northern, southern and western group, each of which in turn has its own subgroups. However, in clear contrast to the Pavee in Ireland and Great Britain, they have a higher level of prosperity than the majority society. In winter they live in mobile homes on purchased or rented parking spaces and in summer they drive to the trade and work through the regions. They are well aware of their origin, which can be deduced from their religious affiliation. The former Irish Pavee are Catholics and the Anglicans from Great Britain . Church membership has a formative and formative influence on the various groups that should not be underestimated and is taken into account accordingly at marriages.

Germany

Here the Irish land drivers (Tinker) are in large groups at get-togethers for joint festivals and meeting points in the greater Düsseldorf, Mönchengladbach, Neuss, etc. a. attracted attention at weddings, various traditional festivals, such as St. Patrick's Day or the multi-day Puck Fair Germany festival, as well as traditional memorial marches.

Puck Fair, Killorglin, around 1900

The Puck Fair Germany grows from year to year, so that it almost comes close to the Puck Fair from the small town of Killorglin , County Kerry . In mid-August there is an extraordinary street festival lasting several days. Symbolically, the residents crown a billy goat as King of Ireland. There are numerous events surrounding this ceremony. In Germany no billy goat is crowned, but an old mouflon named MC Herkules dnb

The villages of Korschenbroich, Willich, Kaarst and Meerbusch can visit tens of thousands of traditional pavees every year, but also others, according to Karpatenwilli, an internet journal, many gypsies from Romania and Bulgaria came to these communities. Press reports about their aggressive behavior promote a negative image, especially since the financing of their sometimes expensive lifestyle seems unclear. Even the appearance of the Pavee in a region leads to reporting in the press. After the visitors to a wedding left Bonn in August 2013, the city had to dispose of around four tons of waste from the stand. Mobile toilets provided free of charge were overturned by the pavee. Dealing with the Pavee and the high costs they caused led to discussions in the city council.

Tinker horses

As Tinker also referred to the horses of Tinker .

Political movements

Organizations such as the Irish Travelers' Movement or Pavee Point Travelers Center campaigned in Ireland and Great Britain for recognition as an ethnic minority with equal rights, which they both with the centuries-old history, with traditions, lore, their own language and culture as well as with the regaining strength Justify discrimination and exclusion. They also send officials to the European Roma and Traveler Forum in Strasbourg, funded by the Council of Europe , which coordinates and represents interests on a transnational and national level. They are also recognized and included as victims in antigypsy research.

On March 1, 2017, the Irish head of government, Taoiseach Enda Kenny, announced the recognition of the Irish Travelers as an ethnic minority in Ireland .

Shelta / Cant

The travelers have their own language, the Shelta (probably from the Irish language siúlta - on the move ), also called Gammon or Cant . The term Shelta is clearly preferred by most of the Pavee, as Cant, as the English “ crooks language ”, is placed in a criminalizing context and meant derogatory.

It is a mixed language that has elements of Irish-Gaelic and English origin as well as features of other Indo-European languages . Due to its position as a mixed language, Shelta, unlike Irish and Scottish Gaelic and Manx , does not belong directly to the group of Goidelic languages . The vocabulary comes mainly from Irish, while the structure comes more from English.

The language code according to ISO 639-2 is cel .

Personalities

Films and documentaries

literature

  • Sebastian Hesse: Journey into the unknown. Ireland's country drivers at a crossroads . Mitteldeutscher Verlag, Halle (Saale) 2014, ISBN 978-3-95462-244-3 .
  • Birte Kaufmann: The Travelers . Kettler, Dortmund 2016, ISBN 978-3-86206-581-3 .
  • Brian Foster, Peter Norton: Educational Equity for Gypsy, Roma, Traveler Childeren, and Young People in the UK. In: The Equal Rights Review. Vol. 8. 2012. pp. 86-112.

Web links

Commons : Irish Travelers  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Traveler Health: A National Strategy 2002–2005 ( Memento of the original from April 6, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / itmtrav.ie
  2. ↑ James F. Clarity: Tullamore Journal; Travelers' Tale: Irish Nomads Make Little Headway . In: The New York Times , February 8, 1999. 
  3. ^ Eilert Ekwall: The Etymology of the Word Tinker . In: English Studies. Vol. 18. 1936. Issue 1-6.
  4. ↑ Lucian Cherata: The Etymology of the words țigan (gypsy) and (r) rom (romany) In: Journal of Romanian Linguistics and Culture. No. 21/2019.
  5. ↑ Gyppo collinsdictionary.com.
  6. ↑ European Commission (ed.): Communications from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, EU framework for national strategies for the integration of the Roma up to 2020. April 5, 2011 eur- lex.europa.eu , accessed on October 3, 2019.
  7. ^ Press release film documentation Rules of the Road, 1993 (PDF).
  8. ^ The Sun
  9. ^ BBC News
  10. ↑ Quoted from: Anna Savva: 9 myths and the truth about Gypsies and Travelers Cambridge News, April 29, 2019, accessed October 3, 2019.
  11. ^ Government to act on over-representation of Gypsies and Travelers in prison Travelers Times, January 2019, accessed October 3, 2019.
  12. ↑ Carpathian Willi (accessed on August 27, 2019)
  13. ^ Saarbrücker Zeitung: The country drivers are gone
  14. ^ Controversy over alleged Tinker tolerance. In: Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger.
  15. ↑ Colorful, loud and sociable. In: Generalanzeiger. Bonn.
  16. ↑ "Tinkers" make the city unsafe. In: Mindener Tageblatt. (for a fee, mt-online.de ).
  17. ↑ Party in Wiesbaden - Irish travelers are back. In: Hessenschau online. August 15, 2017. Retrieved August 15, 2017 .
  18. ↑ Nomads with problems: Irish travelers travel through Germany. In: Augsburger Allgemeine . August 13, 2017. Retrieved August 15, 2017 .
  19. ↑ Four tons of rubbish removed: Tinker riot has consequences in the council express.de, August 14, 2013;
    Irish people leave chaos: we have to pay for tinker messes now express.de, August 14, 2013;
    Tents pitched a hundredfold: Tinkers cause fear and horror express.de, August 13, 2013.
  20. ↑ Council of Europe
  21. ^ Society for Antiziganism Research
  22. ↑ Q&A: What does ethnic recognition mean for Irish Travelers? Sorcha Pollak & Kitty Holland in the Irish Times, March 1, 2017