Dock knotweed

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Dock knotweed
Dock knotweed (Persicaria lapathifolia)

Dock knotweed ( Persicaria lapathifolia )

Systematics
Eudicotyledons
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order : Clove-like (Caryophyllales)
Family : Knotweed family (Polygonaceae)
Genre : Knot oak ( Persicaria )
Type : Dock knotweed
Scientific name
Persicaria lapathifolia
( L. ) Delarbre

The dock knotweed ( Persicaria lapathifolia ) is a species of knotweed ( Persicaria ) within the knotweed family (Polygonaceae).

description

Illustration from Flora Batava, Volume 6
The leaves are dotted on the underside.
Ochrea
The secondary leaf sheaths (ochreae) are not or only briefly ciliate.
The whitish, greenish, less often reddish tepals have anchor-shaped bent nerves.
Ovary, the two styles are fused together at the base.
nuts

The dock knotweed grows as an annual herbaceous plant and reaches very different heights of 10 to 150 centimeters. The ascending to upright stems are heavily branched or only slightly branched and are glabrous, rarely also very short and tightly hairy or weakly glandular. They often take root at the nodes close to the earth. The stems are often completely red, reddened or dotted with red.

The leaves are ovate to lanceolate and, depending on the subspecies, two to six times as long as they are wide. They often have a dark red spot in the middle of the leaf surface. The ochrea is brownish and cylindrical. In contrast to the similar flea knotweed ( Persicaria maculosa ), the upper edge of the ochrea is bare or only briefly (<0.5 millimeters) ciliate.

The flowering period extends from June to October. The mostly terminal, sometimes lateral inflorescences consist of two to five loosely separated pseudo-annual inflorescences . The upright or slightly overhanging partial inflorescences are densely cylindrical and their diameter is 6 to 8 millimeters at the time of fruiting. The flowers are greenish-white to pink in color. There are four, less often five, tepals .

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 22 or 32.

Leaves and inflorescence

ecology

The dock knotweed is summer annual and has roots 20 to over 100 centimeters deep.

Because of the low production of nectar , flower visits are sparse and mostly self-pollination takes place .

The flat, up to 3 millimeters long and 3 mg heavy nuts are usually spread out together with the perigone. When the tepals decay, the vascular bundles, which are curved hook-shaped at the top, remain as anchor hooks and allow Velcro to spread. In addition, it spreads randomly through hoofed animals , spread through processing by birds and spreading humans through displacement with soil. In addition, the plant is a gravel hiker on flowing waters. Fruit ripens from September to October.

Occurrence

Persicaria lapathifolia is almost cosmopolitan . In Central Europe it is common and widespread everywhere.

Persicaria lapathifolia usually grows on wet or damp, open-ground, both muddy and sandy or gravelly, preferably nutrient-rich places such as in ditches, on earthy river banks or wet field edges. In Central Europe it is a character species of the order Bidentetalia, but also occurs in societies of the order Polygono-Chenopodietalia.

Systematics

The first publication was under the name ( Basionym ) Polygonum lapathifolium by Carl von Linné . They recombine to Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delarb. was published by Antoine Delarbre .

The dock knotweed ( Persicaria lapathifolia s. Left ) is a difficult species complex that is divided into several dozen small species, the status of which, however, has usually not yet been conclusively clarified. The shape and hairiness of the leaves, the color of the flowers and the habit are used to differentiate between the small species.

The following list of the small species occurring in Germany (here as subspecies) is based on Haeupler. There are, however, an unmanageable number of synonyms .

  • Common dock knotweed or shore dock knotweed ( Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre subsp. Lapathifolia or Persicaria lapathifolia s. Str.) The number of chromosomes is 2n = 22. It has roots up to 80 centimeters deep. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises to an altitude of 1220 meters.
  • River dock knotweed ( Persicaria lapathifolia subsp. Brittingeri (Opiz) Sojak ; Syn .: Polygonum lapathifolium subsp. Danubiale (Kern.) Dans. ): It is a character species of the Chenopodio-Polygonetum brittingeri from the association Chenopodion rubri. The number of chromosomes is 2n = 22.
  • Middle dock knotweed ( Persicaria lapathifolia subsp. Mesomorpha (Danser) Sojak ): It occurs in societies of the associations Bidention or Polygono-Chenopodion. The number of chromosomes is 2n = 32.
  • Field dock knotweed ( Persicaria lapathifolia subsp. Pallida (With.) A.Löve ): It is a species of character of the order Polygono-Chenopodietalia. The number of chromosomes is 2n = 22.
  • Flax dock knotweed ( Persicaria lapathifolia subsp. Leptoclada (Danser) Wisskirchen ): It is a character species of the Lolio-Linion association.

use

The dock knotweed is sometimes used as nutrient-rich pig feed .

swell

literature

  • Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Ed .: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (=  The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .
  • Rudolf Schubert , Klaus Werner, Hermann Meusel (eds.): Excursion flora for the areas of the GDR and the FRG . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 13th edition. tape 2 : vascular plants . People and knowledge, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-06-012539-2 .
  • Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora . With the collaboration of Theo Müller. 7th, revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1994, ISBN 3-8252-1828-7 .
  • Harold R. Hinds, Craig C. Freeman: Persicaria. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 5: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 2 . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2005, ISBN 0-19-522211-3 , pp. 589 (English, online ).
  • Li Anjen, Alisa E. Grabovskaya-Borodina, Suk-pyo Hong, John McNeill, Hideaki Ohba, Chong-wook Park: Polygonum. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 5: Ulmaceae through Basellaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2003, ISBN 1-930723-27-X , pp. 289 (English, online - as Polygonum lapathifolium ).
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page 336–337.
  2. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 451.

Web links

Commons : Ampfer-Knöterich ( Persicaria lapathifolia )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files