Personal pronouns of the Germanic languages

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The tabular comparison serves to illustrate the (linguistic) kinship relationships and the historical development of the personal pronouns of the Germanic languages .

The idea is based on the word lists called "Language Museum" by Frederick Bodmer and the lists initiated by Morris Swadesh (which, however, take little or no account of personal pronouns and / or earlier language levels).

If possible, the languages ​​are arranged in such a way that the more closely related languages ​​are relatively close to one another. (Since earlier language levels are also taken into account, the representation should actually have been three-dimensional.)

All Germanic languages ​​have simplified their inventory of personal pronouns over the course of history and, in some cases, restructured them considerably. T. more similar than the modern ones.

Tabular representation

This article or section needs to be revised. Details should be given on the talk page. Please help to improve it , and then remove this flag.

German medium- |
old-high German 		Ostfälisch { HI } northnds. { east frieze. } mniederdt. |
asax. 		dutch. medium- | old-cute old frieze.
(12th century) 		English medium- |
old-engl. 		Danish swed. norway.
( BM  |  NN ) 		Icelandic
 | Faroe Islands. 		Old Norse Gothic
I i | ih, ihha ik, 'k {ek} ik ik {ek} | ik ik {ech} ic | ik ik I, me ik, I, uch, i | ic {ih} jed {æ, a} jag {i, ig, ik) any | eg, e ' {ei, æ} ég, eg | eg ek, eg ik
my ( m / n ) mîn | mīn mîn {mĕîn} mien mîn, mîner | mīn mijn mijn | mīn * min my {me} min, mi, my | mīn min / with min / mid min / mid | = minn / mitt | min / mítt min / mid meinas, meina
my ( f / pl ) mînĕ {mĕînĕ} expression my {me} /mine min / mine min / mina min / mine | mi / mine min | min
me me | me mik {mek} mi mî, mê { mek } | mī, mi, me mij, me { mech } mi | mī, mi mi me {I} | mē, me mig mig, mej meg | = ' me' mjer, mér | mær mer mis
me me | mih mik {mek} mi mî { mek } | mī, mi, me, mik mij, me { mech } mi | mī, mi mi me {I} mē, me , mec mig mig, mej meg | = ' me' mig | meg mik, mig mik
you dû, you | thū, dū dû ( salutation: tû), 'ĕ {diû} you dû | thu jij, je {ghâe, ghe} | thu, thu thu you ‹thou› {thoo} | þū, þu, ðū you you you | = þú | tú ðū | þū þu
your ( m / n ) dîn | thīn, dīn dîn {dĕîn} serve dîn, dîner | thīn jouw dijn | thīn thin your, ‹thy› {thee} thin, thy | þīn, þin, ðīn din / dit din / ditt din / ditt | = þinn / þitt | tín / títt Don þone, þeina
your ( f / pl ) dîne {dĕînĕ} serve din / dine din / dina din / dine | di / dine þín | tín
to you you | thir, you dik {dek} di dî, dê dek } | thī jou, je { dech } | dī, di thī you ‹thee› | þē, þe dig dig, dej deg | =, de ' þjer, þér | tær of the þus
you you | thih, dih dik {dek} di dî, dê { dek } | thī , thik jou, je { dech } | dī, di thī you ‹thee› | þē, þe, þec dig dig, dej deg | =, de ' þig | day ðik þuk
he he | ir, ër hai, hĕ , 'ĕ hey hê, hî, he | hē, hey, hie, hī, hi hij {hâe, hê} | hē, hey, hie Hi he {him, 'n } | hē, hey han han han | =, 'n hann | hann hann (runic: is, eʀ) is
to be (G. v. er , m / n ) sîn | sīn sîn {sĕîn} sien is, sîn, sîner | is, it zijn sijn | sīn, sīnis (sīn) his {he} | his Hans Hans hans | = hans | hansara sīnn, sinn, hans is
his (G. v. er , f / pl ) sînĕ {sĕînĕ} siene his
him in | imo ȍnĕ, ȍn {ȕĕnĕ}, 'nĕ em {hum} îme, ême { öme, ên (e) } | imu, imo, im hem | imo him him {he, 'n } | him ham honom ham, han | honom, han honum | honum hōnum, honom imma
him in | inan ȍn, ȍnĕ {ȕĕnĕ}, 'nĕ em {hum} îme, îne, êne, ȫne | ina, ine hem | imo into him {he, 'n } | in, hiene ham honom ham, han | honom, han hann | hann hann ina
she (3rd person singular) sî, si, she | si, sī , siu sâi, sĕ, ( Pers. also: üt {öt}) se sê, si (e), su | siu , sia zij, ze hiu, hio she {her, hoo} | hēo, heó, hío, hi (e), hȳ hun hon {han} hun | ho, ‹hon› hún | hon hon, hun si
her (G. v. she sg., m / n ) ir | ira ȍr {ȕr} Ehr , ähr {Höhr} êr (e), êrer {ȫrer} | ira, iru, iro hair | iro hire her {she} hire | here, hire, hyre going hennes hennes | hennar hennar | hennara hennar izos
their (G. v. it sg., f / pl ) ȍrĕ {ȕrĕ} here
her (Dat. v. she , sing.) ir | iro, iru, ira ȍr {ȕr} ( Pers. also: üt {öt}) Ehr , ähr {Höhr} êr (e), êrer {ȫrer} | iru, iro, ira | iro hire here | here, hire, hyre going hen hen | hen, ho henni | henni henni, hen izai
she (sing., accusative) she, sî, si | sia sâi, sĕ ( Pers. also: üt {öt}) Ehr , ähr {Höhr} sê, si (e), sǖ | sia , sea zij, ze | sia hia she | hēo, híe, hí, hȳ going hen hen | hen, ho hana | hana hana ija
it eʒ | iʒ, ëʒ et ( female pers .: üt {öt}), dat, 't dat , et, 't it, et {öt} | it, et het hit, het it | hit det | thæt det | þat det | = {dat, ət} það | tað ðat, þat ita
to be (G. v. es , m / n ) sîn, it | it sîn {sĕîn} sien is | is (sin) its {it} hit | his dets dess dets | dess þess | tess of is
his (G. v. es , f / pl ) sînĕ {sĕînĕ} siene its
him (dative v. es ) in | imo et (üt) {öt}, dat, 't dat eme {öme, en} | imu, im him it { 'n } | him det det det | = þvi | tí ðui imma
es (accusative) eʒ | iʒ, ëʒ et (üt), dat, 't dat it, et {öt} | it het hit, het it { 'n } | hit det det det | = það | tað ðat ita
we 2 ( dual ) | wit * wit | wit við | vit vit, við, with wit
our 2 (dual) | unkero * unker | uncer okkarr | okkara okkar * ugkara
us 2 (Dual D./A. ) | unk * unk | unc, uncit okkur | okkum okr, okkr ugkis
you 2 (dual) ëʒ | git * iit | git þið | tit it, ið, þit * yeah
your 2 (dual) grandchildren | * inker (o) * iunker | incer ykkarr | tykkara ykkar igqara
you 2 (Dual D./A. ) enk ( Westphalian partly inked "you" ) | ink * inc | inc, incit ykkur | tykkum ykr, ykkr, þykkr igqis
You (sing./plural) Sâi ‹Jî› Se U you {/ y'all} De de, ni De | = þér
Her ( m / n ) Ȍr {Ȕr} Ehr , Ähr etc. your Theirs he / ert Whose | Dykkar yðar
Your ( f / pl ) Ȍrĕ {Ȕrĕ} your he / what
You (/ pl ) Ȍn ', Ȍr, Sâi {Ȕr} Jem , Jüm, Se U you, ‹ye› {/ y'all} Dem the The | Dykk
You (accusative / pl ) Sâi Se, Jem U you, ‹ye› {/ y'all} Dem the [dɔm] The | Dykk
we [-iː-] we [-i-] | we wî, wĕ { wĕî } wi , we wê, wî, how | wī, wi, we wij, we {wâele, wiedre, me} | wī, wi, we wi we {us} | wē, we vi vi vi | vi, me {oss, okker} vér, vjer (s. við ) | vit vér, ver, mér know
our ( m / n ) our | our, our ûsĕ {iûsĕ} us , us, uus ûser, our | user onze / ons onse ūser our {us, we} | ūser, ūre, ūr {ūsa} before / forward vår / vart vår / vårt | = before / forward | vár / várt var unsara
our ( f / pl ) ûsĕ {iûsĕ} us , our , us, use our before / before vår / vara vår / våre | = before | vár
us (dative) us | us üsch {ösch} us , us, uus ûs, us , { ūsik, ǖsik, ösek } | ūs ons ons | us , unsig ūs us {we} | ūs os oss oss | = oss | okkum oss, øss us, unsis
us (accusative) unsure, us | unsih üsch {ösch} us , us, uus ûs, us , { ūsik, ǖsik, ösek } | ūs ons ons | us , unsig ūs us {we} | ūs { ūsic, ūsih } os oss oss | = oss | okkum oss, øss us, unsis
you (2nd pers. plural) ir | ir (<jir, jīr) jî, jĕ {jĕî} ji gî, gê, je, î | gī, gi, ge jullie, ‹gij› ghi | gī, gi i, ji you , ‹ye› {'ee, youse, y'all} ȝe, ye | gē, gīe, ge I. ni, i dere, ‹I› | de {dokker} þér, þjer (s. þið ) | tygum ēr, he, ier, þér jūs, jus
your ( m / n ) iuwer, iwer, iur | iuwērer, iuwēr jûĕ {jiûĕ} joon , juun, juuch (en) jûwer | euwar, iuwar, iuwaro jullie, depending ūwe | iuwa jūwer your {you, ye} ȝour, your | ēower, īower {īuer} jeres he deres, ‹eders› | dykkar yðarr / yðart | tygara uðar, yðvar, yðar izwara
your ( f / pl ) jûĕ {jiûĕ} your yður | tygara
you (dative) iu, iuch | iu jük {jök} jo , ju, juuch jû (w) { juk, jük, jüch, jök } | eu, iu, giu jullie { ju, u, uch } ū | iu jū, jo you {'ee, youse, y'all} ȝou, you, yow | ēow, íow { ēowic } jer he dere ‹ eder › | dykk yður | tygum yðr, yðvar, iðr, * þiðr izwis
you (accusative) iuwich, iuch, iu | iuwih jük {jök} jo , ju, juuch jû (w) { juk, jük, jüch, jök } | eu, iu, giu jullie { ju, u, uch } ū | iu jū, jo you {'ee, youse, y'all} ȝou, you, yow | ēow, íow { ēowic, īuwih } jer he dere ‹ eder › | dykk yður | tygum yðr, iðr, * þiðr izwis
she (3rd person plural m ) she, sî, si | they , sī sâi, sĕ se sê, si (e) | sia , sea, sie, se zij, ze {zâe} si | sia hiā they {them, 'em } thai, thei, hi | hī (e), hīo, hȳ, hig de de de | dei {dem, dom} þeir | teir þeir ice
she (3rd pers. plural f ) she, sî, si | sio , you sâi, sĕ sê, si (e) | sea , soa, sia, sie, se zij, ze {zâe} si | sia hiā they {them, 'em } thai, thei, hi | hī (e), hīo, hȳ, hig de de de | dei þær | tær þær ijos
she (3rd pers. plural n ) she, sî, si | siu , si sâi, sĕ sê, si (e) | siu , sia, sea, she, se zij, ze {zâe} si | sia hiā they {them, 'em } thai, thei, hi | hī (e), hīo, hȳ, hig de de de | dei þau | tey þau ija
her (G. v. she pl., m / n ) ir | iro ȍr {ȕr} ore , arranty êr (e), êrer {ȫrer} | iro hun | iro hira, hiara their thair, here, hire | hiera, heora, hira, hyra deres deras deres | deira þeirra | teirra þeira izē
their (G. v. it pl., f / pl ) ȍrĕ {ȕrĕ} hira their deres deras deres | deira þeirra | teirra izo /
them ȍr, sâi, sĕ , ȍn '{ȕr} ore , arranty, jem, jüm em, jüm {öm, en} | in the hun | in the him them, 'em {they} thaim, tham, hem | him, heom the the the | dei ‹deim› þeim | teimum þeim in the
she (plur., accusative, m / f / n ) she, sî, si / / siu, sî | she / sio / siu sâi, sĕ ore , arranty, jem, jüm sê, si (e) | sia, sea hen | sia hiā them, 'em {they} thaim, tham, hem | hī (e), hīo, hēo, hȳ, hig the the the | dei þá / þær / þau | teir / tær / tey ðǣr / ðǣr / ðau ins / ijos / ija
itself (dative) themselves sik {sec} sik sik {sec} | - zich sik | sig sig sig seg | = sér | sær sēr sis
itself (accusative) himself | sih sik {sec} sik sik {sec} | - zich sik | sig sig sig seg | = sig | seg sik, sig sik

Explanations

General

  1. The same color of the column headers means the same subgroup, a darker color (with the same basic color) means an older language level.
  2. Since the comparability of the forms was given preference over the comparability of the functions, z. E.g. in the table row you (2nd pers. Plural) in the Icelandic column the original plural forms , which are now considered polite forms , while the original dual forms have taken over the function of the plural forms.
  3. In the table rows to be related reflexive pronouns are registered only formally, in other languages used words instead (such. As English himself ) were not considered.
  4. For other Germanic languages ​​such as B. the modern Frisians lacked sufficient information. (As a certain compensation in the column Northnds. ( North Lower Saxon ) the special East Frisian forms are given in {}.)

Highlighting

  1. The main variants are bold , unstressed (or trailing) forms in italics .
  2. Outdated forms that are only used in special contexts are set in ‹› .
  3. Dialectal variants are in {} , but only available for selection ( you would need a separate table for the dialects of Standard German alone ).
  4. A common feature of the simplification of the system of personal pronouns is the coincidence of the accusative and dative forms. Since there are common patterns of simplification, especially with the first and second person singular, the (original) dative forms are highlighted in yellow (or orange), the accusative forms in green.

To individual columns / languages

Ostfälisch

  1. This column shows the forms of northern Ostfälisch , which also apply in many other regions.
  2. {HI} means in the column header, which in {} set variants in Hildesheim Platt are common (the forms with e instead of i apply in addition to the entire southwestern half of Eastphalian speaking countries, the so-called mek area ; from Braunschweig to the Elbe and Bode applies jüch or jich instead of jük ).
  3. About the spelling .

Middle Low German | Old Saxon

  1. Middle Low German : The forms in {} are East Westphalian; there were also the forms mik and dik , but they were far less common than they are today.
  2. In the case of the length characters, ^ is preferred as a contrast to Old Saxon , but UNICODE does not (so far) use ö and ü .

Dutch

  • The forms ending in -ch are Limburgian and also apply on the Lower Rhine between the Uerdinger and Benrath lines (there instead of uch, respectively, üch, öch ).

Central | Old Dutch

  1. A number of forms are still missing in Middle Dutch .
  2. The Old Dutch is also Altniederfränkisch called, is also the oldest form of language of the Lower Rhine.

English

  • The dialect forms show that the merging of just one or two forms per person , which has already begun in the standard English language (in some cases even including the plural, see you (r) ) is even more advanced, especially in the Midland dialects , so that soon every form of a personal pronoun can replace the forms of the other cases.

Central | Old English

  1. Middle English : There are still a number of forms missing, there are also numerous other variants to the ones given. ȝ stands for Old English g (or i ) when it corresponds to today's y .
  2. Old English (Anglo-Saxon): The (scientific) spelling is not uniform, as in particular the pronunciation of the twilight z. This is partly controversial, so that the (optional) length or stress symbol can be placed either on the first or the second letter, in the initial sound þ and ð are optionally used.
  3. The forms in {} only occurred in the Northumbrian dialect, which is also aloof in other grammatical features or has more in common with the continental dialects of that time.

Norwegian

  • (BM | NN) in the column header denotes the written languages Bokmål and Nynorsk , with equal rights, the equal sign (=) after the separator (|) means that the BM form also applies in the NN.

Gothic

  • The Gothic column would have the same right next to central | old-high German as can be classified next to Old Norse .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Swadesh List on Wiktionary