Equine influenza

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The equine influenza (also equine influenza is called) an animal disease caused by influenza -A-virus subtypes A / H3N8 and A / H7N7 may be caused. A / H3N8 was first detected in horses in Miami in 1963 , A / H7N7 for the first time in Prague in 1956 . In addition to horses of all races and breeds, donkeys and mules are also receptive.

A transfer of the subtype A / H3N8 to humans has not recently been demonstrated; however, subsequent serological analyzes show that between 1900 and 1917 an H3N8 virus also circulated among humans. Some scientists had concluded from this that there must have been transmission from horses to humans beforehand; In fact, a study was published in Nature in 2014 , according to which most of the gene segments of the influenza A virus that are circulating today were probably transferred to humans in 1872 from an H3N8 equine flu via farmed poultry. There are also seroarchaeological findings according to which there was a major human outbreak caused by A / H3N8 between 1889 and 1893 .

distribution

With the exception of New Zealand and Iceland , the disease occurs worldwide, particularly in regions with large numbers of horses. In Australia, equine influenza is considered eradicated after an outbreak in 2007 .

Symptoms

Similar to the real flu in humans, the influenza in horses manifests itself initially through loss of appetite and apathetic behavior, later through nasal and eye discharge as well as dry cough and high fever . Complications are a pneumonia that for heaves can lead, and a heart muscle inflammation to name.

treatment

Since the horse's influenza is spread through the air, for example when coughing, it is advisable to separate sick animals from non-infected conspecifics. Antipyretic medication and antibiotics may also be indicated in order to avoid secondary diseases caused by secondary bacterial infections .

prevention

There are several equine influenza vaccines available as prophylaxis, but care should be taken to ensure that they contain current circulating vaccine strains. At the moment only one vaccine is available in Germany (Proteq Flu, ProteqFlu-Te), which contains the two influenza strains recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). For competition horses, an influenza vaccination is required every six months and must be documented in the equine passport.

Demarcation

In 1933/34 an illness occurred in Germany that was called "Hoppegarten cough" after it first appeared on the Hoppegarten horse racing track near Berlin. It is now believed to be a form of equine influenza. The "Brussels disease", which raged in German horse hospitals on the Western Front from 1915, was probably a secondary complication of equine influenza caused by bacteria. Equine influenza should not be confused with the " breast disease " in horses.

Transition from A / H3N8 to dogs

In October 2005, the journal Science published a study on US dogs in which the authors described an epidemic spread of the equine influenza virus type A / H3N8 specifically to hunting dogs. Until then, dogs were generally considered to be largely insensitive to influenza viruses.

The first known outbreak of A / H3N8 among dogs occurred in January 2004 after a dog race in Florida when 22 greyhounds became suspicious of respiratory diseases and 8 of them died as a result of the virus infection. The genetic makeup of the viruses was analyzed in detail by the CDC - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , and it was found to be 96 percent identical to known A / H3N8 strains. The CDC came to the conclusion that the entire virus had made the leap across the species boundary, i.e. without having previously exchanged its genetic material with other influenza viruses.

According to this initial evidence, epidemic outbreaks of the disease occurred between June and August 2004 after a further 14 dog races in six US states; in 2005 alone, 20 outbreaks were registered in 11 US states between January and May. In addition, a sample of veterinary clinics in New York and Florida found that out of 70 dogs with respiratory disease, more than 50 were infected with A / H3N8.

On the basis of archived serum samples, the scientists came to the conclusion that the virus had crossed the species boundary by the year 2000 at the latest and that - due to the great similarity of all the virus genes analyzed - the transition from horses to dogs only occurred once. Then he successfully spread from dog to dog.

In Australia in 2007 there were transfers from A / H3N8 to dogs that had close contact with infected horses. In 2008, British researchers reconstructed that an infection in English Foxhounds in 2002 was also due to an infection in horses.

The subtype A / H3N2 has also been repeatedly detected in dogs and is then also referred to as "Canine Influenza Virus (CIV)". Dogs have also been found to be highly susceptible to infection with A / H5N1 viruses in clinical experiments .

The disease should not be confused with the widespread kennel cough complex caused, among other things, by the parainfluenza virus 2 .

Transition from A / H3N8 to seals

In 2011, an accumulation of pneumonia was found in seals along the coast of the US New England states , and 162 animals were found to have died as a result. An autopsy of the carcasses revealed the presence of a variant of the A / H3N8 virus similar to the one that had been detected in waterfowl since 2002. A mutation that developed naturally turned out to be identical to a mutation that was previously only known from highly pathogenic variants of the influenza A virus H5N1 , the causative agent of the avian influenza H5N1 , and which facilitates its spread via droplet infection .

See also

literature

  • Werner Lange: Equine Influenza. Virology, epidemiology, clinic, therapy and prophylaxis . 2nd completely revised edition. Parey, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-8304-4171-7 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ GH Waddell et al .: A new influenza virus associated with equine respiratory disease. In: Journal of the American Vet. Med. Association . Vol. 143, 1963, pp. 587-590.
  2. ↑ O. Sovinová et al .: Isolation of a virus Causing respiratory disease in horses. In: Acta. Virol. Vol. 2, 1958, pp. 52-61.
  3. ↑ Lange: Equine Influenza ..., p. 115f.
  4. ^ M. Worobey, GZ Han, A. Rambaut: A synchronized global sweep of the internal genes of modern avian influenza virus. In: Nature. [electronic publication before printing] February 2014, ISSN  1476-4687 . doi : 10.1038 / nature13016 . PMID 24531761 .
    Study on flu evolution may change textbooks, history books. On: eurekalert.org of February 16, 2014
  5. ↑ Michael Worobey et al .: Genesis and pathogenesis of the 1918 pandemic H1N1. In: PNAS . Volume 111, No. 22, 2014, pp. 8107-8112, doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1324197111
  6. ↑ World Organization for Animal Health : Equine influenza. On: oie.int , accessed October 30, 2018
  7. ↑ Notes on influenza in horses. On the website of the German Equestrian Association , February 12, 2019.
    ProteqFlu on the website of the European Medicines Agency , October 17, 2014,     accessed on October 11, 2019.
  8. ↑ Lange: Equine Influenza ..., p. 95.
  9. ↑ PC Crawford et al .: Transmission of Equine Influenza Virus to Dogs. In: Science . Volume 310, 2005, pp. 482-485, doi : 10.1126 / science.1117950
  10. ↑ Martin Enserink: Horse Flu Virus Jumps to Dogs. In: Science. Volume 309, 2005, p. 2147, doi : 10.1126 / science.309.5744.2147a
  11. ↑ Peter D. Kirkland et al .: Influenza Virus Transmission from Horses to Dogs, Australia. In: Emerging Infectious Diseases. Volume 16, No. 4, 2010, pp. 699-702, doi: 10.3201 / eid1604.091489
  12. ↑ Janet M. Daly et al .: Transmission of Equine Influenza Virus to English Foxhounds. In: Emerging Infectious Diseases. Volume 14, No. 3, 2008, pp. 461-464, doi: 10.3201 / eid1403.070643
  13. ↑ FAQ about the H3N2 strain of canine influenza. ( Memento of June 16, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Published on the Cornell University web server , as of April 2015
  14. ^ Matthias Giese et al .: Experimental Infection and Natural Contact Exposure of Dogs with Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1). In: Emerging Infectious Diseases. Volume 14, No. 2, 2008, pp. 308-310, doi: 10.3201 / eid1402.070864
  15. ↑ Ying Chen et al .: Dogs are highly susceptible to H5N1 avian influenza virus. In: Virology. Volume 405, No. 1, 2010, pp. 15-19, doi: 10.1016 / j.virol.2010.05.024
  16. ^ SJ Anthony et al .: Emergence of Fatal Avian Influenza in New England Harbor Seals. In: mBio. Volume 3, No. 4, 2012, e00166-12, doi: 10.1128 / mBio.00166-12
    New influenza virus from seals highlights the risks of pandemic flu from animals. On: eurekalert.org of July 31, 2012
  17. ↑ Erik A. Karlsson et al .: Respiratory transmission of an avian H3N8 influenza virus isolated from a harbor seal. In: Nature Communications. Volume 5, Article Number 4791, 2014, doi: 10.1038 / ncomms5791