Piedmontese language
| Piedmontese (Piemontèis) | ||
|---|---|---|
|
Spoken in |
Italy ( Piedmont ) | |
| speaker | ~ 2 million | |
| Linguistic classification |
|
|
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639 -2 |
- |
|
| ISO 639-3 |
pms |
|
The Piedmontese language (also Piedmontese; Piemontèis in Piedmontese, Piemontese in Italian ) is a Gallo-Roman variety spoken by over 2 million people in Piedmont . The Council of Europe has officially recognized it as a minority language since 1981 . It is one of the endangered languages and has been included in UNESCO's Atlas of Endangered Languages .
history
Piedmontese has been used as a written language since the end of the 12th century. In the 16th century a literature developed that encompassed all literary forms, both poems and novels , dramas and epics . However, by this time Piedmontese lost its status as the language of administration and higher education to Italian, the Dante language , which is based on the dialect of Tuscany , especially the Florentine language . The 19th century also produced its own scientific literature and literary criticism. With the establishment of an Italian nation-state in 1861, the decline of the Piedmontese intensified even though the unification movement started from the politically and economically advanced Piedmontese. After the Second World War , under the influence of urbanization and the mass media, it was largely ousted from oral communication in families.
Sound
The spelling that is widespread today was designed by the author and writer Pinin Pacòt , before there was no standardized spelling. As a result of the common Gallo-Roman based shows the sound system parallelism with the French and the Occitan , the palatals exist [ y ] (g) and [ ø ] (o).
Vowels
- è : open e ( ɛ ) in as in "eat": enèrgich [ ɛ'nɛʒik ]
- é : closed e as in "just": fé [ fe ]
- ë : Schwa , roughly like in German '"Monkey", but emphasized: vënner [ ' vəner ]
- o , ó : like a German "u": Piemont [ pjɛ'munt ], róndola [ 'rundula ]
- ò : open o as in "open": fòrt [ fɔrt ]
- u : like the German "ü" or the French "u" [ y ] ; before vowels it becomes a gentle [ w ] : Butir [ by'tir ], Guera [ 'gwɛra ]
- ù : like a German "u", only "ü" if a vowel follows: lùnes [ 'lunɛs ], crùa [ krya ]
- eu .: like a German "ö" [ ø ] (. cf French "eu"): Reusa [ Roza ]; some foreign words are an exception, e.g. B. Euròpa [ ɛu'rɔpa ]
Consonants
- c , cc : before e and i and at the end of the word like German "tsch", otherwise like German "k": cel [ 't͡ʃɛl ], baricc [ ' ba'rit͡ʃ ]
- ch : like German "k": chila [ 'kila ]
- g , gg : before e and i and at the end of a word depending on the region French "j" [ ʒ ] or "DSCH" [ dʒ ] , otherwise dt "g". assagg [ as'ad͡ʒ ], gat [ gat ]
- gh : like German "g": ghil [ gil ]
- gl : "lj", as in Italian: figl [ fiʎ ]
- gn : "nj", as in Italian: soagnà [ swa'ɲa ]
- h : mute
- j : like German (not French) "j": avèj [ a'vɛj ]
- n : nasalised end of the word, such as the German "ng": pan [ Pan ] when the pronunciation of a word to [ n ] ends, the double n: ann [ at ]
- n- : nasalized, like the German "ng": galin-a [ ga'liŋa ]
- s : voiceless (sharp) at the beginning of the word, as in southern Germany, Austria and Switzerland: sol [ sul ]
- sc before e and at the end of the word "s-ch": s-cet [ st͡ʃɛt ]
- sch : "sk" as in Italian: casché [ ka'ske ]
- v : soft "w": vitura [ vi'tyra ]
- z : voiced (soft) s: monze [ 'munzɛ ]
In contrast to Italian, no distinction is made between short (single written) and long (double written) consonants.
Emphasis
The stress of a word is on the last syllable if it ends in a consonant, and on the penultimate syllable if the word ends in a vowel. The word emphasized on another syllable, this is a grave - accent expressed. Acute in the cases é and ó , on the other hand, refers to a closed vowel .
grammar
noun
As in all Romance languages, the nouns can be assigned to two genders: masculine, feminine . Feminine nouns in the singular usually end with -a, while masculine nouns often end in a consonant.
The formation of the plural is more varied than in Italian: Although feminine nouns have the ending -e, the masculine plural is either identical to the singular or has the ending -i . In the former case, the plural can be recognized by the article as in the neighboring Lombard language .
items
| Type | gender | number | items | example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Determinative | Masculine | Singular | ël ('l) lë (l') |
ël can; ciamé'l can lë scolé; l'aso |
| Plural | ij ('j) jë (j') |
ij can; ciamé'j can jë scolé; so yes |
||
| Feminine | Singular | la (l ') |
la farfala; la stòria l'ongia |
|
| Plural | le (j ') |
le farfale; le stòrie j'onge |
||
| Indeterminate | Masculine | Singular | un ('n) në (n') |
un can; ciamé'n can në scolé; n'aso |
| Plural | ëd ('d) dë (d') |
ëd can; ciamé'd can dë scolé; d'aso |
||
| Feminine | Singular | na na (n ') |
na farfala na stòria; n'ongia |
|
| Plural | ëd ('d) dë (d') |
ëd farfale; ciapé'd farfale dë stòrie; d'onge |
Verbs
As in Venetian , a pronoun is placed between subject and predicate :
- Gioann a trambla - Johannes trembles.
- Mi, i canto na canson - I, I sing a song.
The conjugation of verbs can be divided into three groups, there are also numerous irregular verbs .
| Pronoun | Group I. | Group II | Group III | Irregular | Irregular |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | -é | -e | -ì | - | - |
| - | canté (singing) | read (read) | finì (finish) | èsse (to be) | avej (to have) |
| Wed | i canto | i leso | i finisso | i son | i l'hai \ l'heu |
| Ti | it cante | it read | it finisse | it ses | it l'has |
| Ël | a canta | a les | a finiss | l'é | a l'ha |
| Noi | i cantoma | i lesoma | i finioma | i soma | l'oma |
| Voi | i cante | i read | i finisse | i seve | l'eve |
| Lor | a canto | a leso | a finisso | a son | l'han |
| (Participle) | canté | lì | finì | sù | avì |
vocabulary
The words, which are quite shortened compared to Italian, are characteristic:
| Piedmontese | Italian | Latin |
|---|---|---|
| fnoj | finocchio | fenuculum |
| maslè | macellaio | camellarius |
| plè | pelare | pilare |
| taiè | tagliare | taliare |
| Piedmontese | Italian | French | Spanish | Romanian | Catalan | Latin | German |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| cadrega | sedia | chaise | silla | scaun | cadira | sella / cathedra | chair |
| pijé | prendere | prendre | tomar | a lua | prendre | capere / prendere | to take |
| surtì | uscire | sortir | salir | a ieşi | sortir | exire | going out |
| droché / casché / tombé | cadere | tomber | caer | a cădea | caure | cadere | fall |
| ca / mison | casa | maison | casa | casă | casa | casa | House |
| brass | braccio | bras | brazo | braţ | braç | bracchium | poor |
| number | numero | numéro | número | numar | nombre | number | number |
| pom | mela | fries | manzana | măr | poma | malum | Apple |
| travajé | lavorare | travailler | trabajar | a lucra | treballar | laborare / operari | work |
| crava | capra | chèvre | cabra | capră | cabra | capra | goat |
| scòla | scuola | école | escuela | şcoală | escola | schola | school |
| bòsch | legno | bois | madera | lemn | bosc | lignum | Wood |
| monsù | signore | monsieur | señor | domn | senyor | dominus | Mr. (salutation) |
| madama | signora | madame | señora | doamna | senyora | domina | Woman (salutation) |
| istà | estate | été | verano | vară | estiu | aestas | summer |
| ancheuj | oggi | aujourd'hui | hoy | astăzi | avui | hodie | today |
| dman | domani | demain | mañana | Maine | demà | cras | tomorrow |
| jer | ieri | here | ayer | ieri | ahir | heri | yesterday |
| lùnes | lunedì | lundi | lunes | luni | dilluns | this Lunae | Monday |
| màrtes | martedì | mardi | martes | marţi | dimarts | this Martis | Tuesday |
| mèrcol / merco | mercoledì | mercredi | miércoles | miercuri | dimecres | this Mercurii | Wednesday |
| giòbia | giovedì | jeudi | jueves | joi | dijous | this Iovis | Thursday |
| vënner | venerdì | vendredi | four | vineri | divendres | this veneris | Friday |
| saba | sabato | samedi | sábado | sâmbătă | dissabte | this Saturnis | Saturday |
| dumìnica | domenica | dimanche | domingo | duminică | tight | this solis | Sunday |
Web links
|
Wikipedia | - the free encyclopedia in Piedmontese |
|
Wikisource | - Source texts in Piedmontese |