Pinus latteri
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Pinus latteri is an evergreen conifer from the genus of pine ( Pinus ) with usually 15 to 25 centimeters long needles and 6 to 10 centimeters long seed cones. The natural range is in Southeast Asia. The wood is used as construction timber and processed into pulp; the resin is also used in various countries.
description
Habitus
Pinus latteri grows as an evergreen tree up to 30 meters high with a trunk diameter of up to 200 centimeters. The trunk bark is thick, scaly and rough and breaks into many small, dark gray plates. The branches are horizontal or upright and form a broad, dome-shaped to umbrella-shaped crown in older trees. The needled branches are strong, bare, brown or dark brown.
Buds and needles
The winter buds are brown, cylindrical and not resinous, terminal buds reach a length of 1.5 to 2 centimeters. The bud scales are brown. The needles grow in pairs in a permanent, 15 to 20 millimeter long basal needle sheath. The needles are dull green, long and thin, stiff, straight, 15 to 25 sometimes 27 centimeters long and about 1.5 millimeters thick. The cross-section is semicircular, the needle edge finely sawn and the needle end pointed. There are several fine stomata lines on all sides of the needle . Two central resin channels are formed for each needle .
Cones and seeds
The pollen cones grow upright and spirally arranged in groups. They are cylindrical and 2 to 3 inches long. The seed cones usually grow individually, rarely in pairs, on young shoots. They have a sturdy, approximately 1 centimeter long stem and are almost at right angles from the branches. They are closed ovoid-conical, sometimes only 5, usually 6 to 10 and rarely up to 13 centimeters long. When opened, they are broadly egg-shaped with a flattened base with a diameter of 4 to 9 centimeters. The seed scales are initially green and when ripe, light reddish brown, woody, stiff, elongated and in the middle larger cones about 3 millimeters long and 1.2 to 1.5 millimeters wide. The apophysis is glossy reddish brown to dark brown, raised, with a rhombic or irregular pentagonal outline, clearly transversely keeled and radially striped or grooved. The umbo is flat or slightly recessed, blunt and unreinforced towards the end. The seeds are ellipsoidal to obovate, 5 to 8 millimeters long, about 4 millimeters wide, slightly pressed and gray-brown. The seed wing is narrow, 20 to 25 millimeters long and persistent. Pollination takes place from March to April, the cones ripen in October in the second year.
Distribution, ecology and endangerment
The natural range of Pinus latteri is in Southeast Asia in Vietnam , Thailand , Laos , Cambodia , Myanmar and in China . In China, the species is found in the southwest of Guangdong Province , in the south of Guangxi and on Hainan . It was probably naturalized in Hainan. It grows from sea level to heights of 1200 meters and forms more or less open stands on river terraces with sandy or gravelly soils or on seasonally dry hill country. As an adaptation to frequent steppe fires , Pinus latteri forms a grass stage at the beginning of its development and can therefore quickly repopulate open areas on nutrient-poor soils. The distribution area is in the area of the southeast monsoon with high amounts of precipitation, so in Myanmar and Thailand at around 1500 millimeters per year. On drier hill country, for example in Myanmar, it often grows in forests that are dominated by two-winged fruit trees ( Dipterocarpus ). The distribution area is assigned to the winter hardiness zone 9 to 10 with mean annual minimum temperatures of −6.6 to +4.4 ° C (20 to 40 ° F).
In the Red List of the IUCN is Pinus latteri out ( "Near Threatened") at risk as low. However, it should be noted that a reassessment is pending.
Systematics and research history
Pinus latteri is a species from the genus of the pines ( Pinus ), in which it is assigned to the subgenus Pinus , section Pinus and subsection Pinus . It was first scientifically described by Francis Mason in 1849 . The generic name Pinus was already used by the Romans for several types of pine. The specific epithet latteri is reminiscent of Captain Latter, the discoverer and the first Englishman to see the species. Pinus latteri very similar to the native of Sumatra and the Philippines vikarianten kind Pinus merkusii . The grass stage of the seedlings was seen as an important distinguishing feature between the two species as an adaptation to frequent steppe fires. Since this stage has now been observed in both species, it is questionable whether the differences in morphology , which are only of quantitative character, justify the species status. If not, Pinus latteri would have to be the variety Pinus merkusii var. Latteri (Mason) Silba or subspecies Pinus merkusii subsp. latteri (Mason) DZLi can be understood by Pinus merkusii . Further synonyms of the species are Pinus ikedae Yamam. , Pinus merkusii var. Tonkinensis (A.Chev.) Gaussen ex Bui and Pinus tonkinensis A.Chev.
use
The wood from Pinus latteri is used in Southeast Asia as construction timber , for the manufacture of doors, window frames and floors, and sometimes also for panels . The wood is traditionally processed into charcoal . Large quantities are used today to produce pulp . In some countries the resin is extracted and processed. In China, it is also used for medicinal purposes. Tannins are obtained from the bark, turpentine from the needles . Pinus latteri was planted for afforestation in several African countries, but the species could not prevail against the native flora.
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literature
- Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers . tape 2 . Brill, Leiden-Boston 2010, ISBN 90-04-17718-3 , pp. 698-699 .
- Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 4: Cycadaceae through Fagaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1999, ISBN 0-915279-70-3 , pp. 16 (English).
- Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 , p. 487 (reprint from 1996).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, p. 698
- ↑ a b c d Liguo Fu, Nan Li, Thomas S. Elias, Robert R. Mill: Pinus latteri , in Flora of China , Volume 4, p. 16
- ↑ a b c d e Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, p. 699
- ↑ a b Christopher J. Earle: Pinus latteri. In: The Gymnosperm Database. www.conifers.org, November 23, 2012, accessed on March 16, 2013 .
- ↑ Pinus Latteri in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2012. Posted by: Conifer Specialist Group, 1998. Accessed March 16, 2013.
- ↑ Pinus latteri. In: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). United States Department of Agriculture, accessed March 16, 2013 .
- ↑ To be precise: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. P. 487
- ↑ Pinus latteri. In: The Plant List. Retrieved March 16, 2013 .
