Two-winged fruit trees
| Two-winged fruit trees | ||||||||||||
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Dipterocarpus retusus , illustration |
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| Dipterocarpus | ||||||||||||
| CFGaertn. |
The genus of two-winged fruit trees ( Dipterocarpus ), also called two-winged nuts or like other genera also called winged fruit trees , belongs to the family of winged fruit plants (Dipterocarpaceae). The approximately 70 species are common in Southeast Asia. The wood is used by some species .
description
Appearance and leaves
In Dipterocarpus TYPES There are mostly evergreen and deciduous, tall aspiring trees . Strong buttress roots are often present at the base of the trunk . The grayish-brown to orange-colored bark has raised lenticels , is cracked and peeling. The resin is aromatic, oily and white. The heartwood is brown to red, brown to yellow, brown to green, the sapwood is clearly different in color from the heartwood.
The leaves are arranged alternately on the branches. The leathery leaf blades are simple. The leaf margin is fully or wavy. The pinnately arranged side veins are straight and the third-order leaf veins are conspicuously arranged in an almost ladder-like manner. The large stipules envelop the terminal bud and leave a ring-like leaf scar when they fall off.
Inflorescences and flowers
In hardly branched, racemose inflorescences are usually three to nine flowers together. The relatively large, sweet-smelling, hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five unequal sepals are fused together at their base like a jar or cup. The five petals are downy (sometimes with star hair) and often white with a reddish central stripe. The yellow anthers are elongated. The fluffy hairy, Upper permanent ovary are ovate. The thread-like stylus ends in a slightly widened scar .
Fruits and seeds
The solitary, nut-like fruits have five wings, two long and three short. The two large ones develop into erect wings. The seeds are fused with the base of the pericarp and contain an embryo with two unequal, large, thick cotyledons ( cotyledons ) and an inconspicuous radicle .
distribution
The genus Dipterocarpus is widespread in Southeast Asia. It occurs in Sri Lanka , India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , Myanmar , Cambodia , Thailand , Laos , China , Vietnam , Malaysia , western Indonesia and the Philippines . Dipterocarpus species are forest-forming in many areas of Southeast Asia, this type of vegetation is called Dipterocarpus forest; it is a dry, deciduous forest.
Systematics
The genus Dipterocarpus was established in 1805 by Karl Friedrich von Gärtner in De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum .... , 3, p. 50. As Lectotypusart in 1960 Dipterocarpus costatus C.F.Gaertn. by Arthur Allman Bullock in Kew Bulletin , Volume 14, p. 42. The generic name Dipterocarpus directly translated means "two-winged fruit". Synonyms for Dipterocarpus C.F.Gaertn. are Duvaliella F.Heim and Mocanera Blanco .
There are around 70 species of Dipterocarpus :
- Dipterocarpus acutangulus Vesque
- Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. ex G.Don
- Dipterocarpus applanatus Slooten
- Dipterocarpus baudii Korth.
- Dipterocarpus borneensis Slooten
- Dipterocarpus bourdillonii Brandis
- Dipterocarpus caudatus Foxw. : It occurs in Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and the Philippines.
- Dipterocarpus caudiferus Merr.
- Dipterocarpus chartaceus Symington
- Dipterocarpus cinereus Slooten
- Dipterocarpus concavus Foxw.
- Dipterocarpus condorensis Pierre
- Dipterocarpus confertus Slooten : It occurs in Brunei , Kalimantan , Sabah and Sarawak .
- Dipterocarpus conformis Slooten
- Dipterocarpus coriaceus Slooten
- Dipterocarpus cornutus Dyer
- Dipterocarpus costatus C.F. Gaertn. : It occurs in Bangladesh , Malaysia, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands .
- Dipterocarpus costulatus Slooten
- Dipterocarpus crinitus Dyer : It occurs in Thailand, Malaysia, Sumatra and Kalimantan .
- Dipterocarpus cuspidatus P.S. Ashton
- Dipterocarpus elongatus Korth.
- Dipterocarpus eurhynchus Miq.
- Dipterocarpus fagineus Vesque
- Dipterocarpus fusiformis P.S. Ashton
- Dipterocarpus geniculatus Vesque
- Dipterocarpus glabrigemmatus P.S.Ashton
- Dipterocarpus glandulosus Thwaites
- Dipterocarpus globosus Vesque
- Dipterocarpus gracilis flower : It occurs in Bangladesh, Malaysia, Indonesia, Myanmar, Thailand, the Philippines, Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
- Dipterocarpus grandiflorus (Blanco) Blanco ; the wood is sold under the name Keruing . It occurs in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, in Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam.
- Dipterocarpus hasseltii flower : It occurs in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam.
- Dipterocarpus hispidus Thwaites
- Dipterocarpus humeratus Slooten
- Dipterocarpus indicus Bedd. : It occurs in the Indian states of Karnataka , Kerala and Tamil Nadu .
- Dipterocarpus insignis Thwaites
- Dipterocarpus intricatus Dyer : It occurs in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam.
- Dipterocarpus kerrii King ; the wood is sold under the name Keruing . It occurs in Thailand, Myanmar, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
- Dipterocarpus kunstleri King
- Dipterocarpus lamellatus Hook. f.
- Dipterocarpus littoralis flower
- Dipterocarpus lowii Hook. f. : It occurs in Malaysia, Brunei and Sumatra.
- Dipterocarpus megacarpus Madani
- Dipterocarpus mundus Slooten
- Dipterocarpus nudus Vesque
- Dipterocarpus oblongifolius flower
- Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Teijsm. ex Miq. : It occurs in Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam.
- Dipterocarpus ochraceus Meijer
- Dipterocarpus orbicularis Foxw.
- Dipterocarpus pachyphyllus Meijer
- Dipterocarpus palembanicus Slooten
- Dipterocarpus perakensis P.S. Ashton
- Dipterocarpus retusus flower : Home is in India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam and the Chinese provinces: southeastern Xizang , southeastern and western Yunnan .
- Dipterocarpus rigidus Ridl.
- Dipterocarpus rotundifolius Foxw.
- Dipterocarpus sarawakensis Slooten ; locally also Sarawak Keruing called
- Dipterocarpus scaber Buch.-Ham.
- Dipterocarpus semivestitus Slooten
- Dipterocarpus stellatus Vesque
- Dipterocarpus sublamellatus Foxw. : It occurs in Malaysia and Sumatra.
- Dipterocarpus tempehes Slooten
- East Indian two-winged fruit tree, East Indian gurjun balsam tree ( Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb. ): It is native to Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam. A liquid resin, red-brown, fluorescent greenish balsam, called Gurjun balsam, is obtained from it.
- Dipterocarpus turbinatus C.F. Gaertn. ; the wood is sold under the name Keruing . It occurs in India, Bangladesh, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, on the Andaman, Nicobar and in Yunnan and Xizang .
- Dipterocarpus validus flower
- Dipterocarpus verrucosus Foxw. ex sloots
- Dipterocarpus zeylanicus Thwaites : It occurs in Sri Lanka.
use
Some Dipterocarpus species are important timber trees. Trade names of the wood: Yang (FR, TH, VN), Keruing (ID, MY, DE, EN), Gurjun (IN-and, MM, LK), Dau (VN, FR), White Kanyin, Kanyin-Byu (MM ), Chhoeuteal (KH), Nhang (LA), Keroewing (NL), Yang Hin, Yang Na (TH), Dzao Long (VN). No species is protected according to CITES rules.
See also: Wood species classification wing fruit trees ( Dipterocarpaceae ) of the English Wikipedia .
Different types deliver gurjun balsam , kerrii Dipterocarpus , Dipterocarpus alatus , Dipterocarpus turbinatus , Dipterocarpus turbinatus , Dipterocarpus incanus , Dipterocarpus tuberculatus , Dipterocarpus crispalatus , Dipterocarpus gracilis , Dipterocarpus hispidus , griffithii Dipterocarpus , Dipterocarpus litoralis , Dipterocarpus retusus , trinervis Dipterocarpus , Dipterocarpus zeylanicus , Dipterocarpus obtusifolium .
literature
- Xi-wen Li, Jie Li & Peter S. Ashton: Dipterocarpaceae , In: ZY Wu & PH Raven (Eds.): Flora of China , Volume 13, 2007, Missouri Botanical Garden Press u. a., St. Louis et al. a .: Dipterocarpus , p. 48 - online (section description, distribution and systematics).
Web links
- R. Hédl, M. Svátek, M. Dancak, AW Rodzay, ABM Salleh, AS Kamariah: A new technique for inventory of permanent plots in tropical forests: a case study from lowland dipterocarp forest in Kuala Belalong, Brunei Darussalam , In: Blumea . Volume 54, 2009, pp. 124-130: doi: 10.3767 / 000651909X475482 .
- Leaflet series Holzarten Keruing ( Memento from November 15, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 2.36 MB).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b HG Richter & MJ Dallwitz: data sheet - Dipterocarpus in commercial woods . Retrieved July 29, 2011.
- ^ Dipterocarpus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Dipterocarpus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ↑ Evaluation of which species are valid at ThePlantList .
- ↑ Leaflet series wood species: Keruing; Sheet 48 ( Memento of the original from November 15, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at sda22649b13e21108.jimcontent.com, accessed January 3, 2017.
- ↑ Felix Bachmair: Antimicrobial effect of selected resins on airborne germs. Dissertation, Vienna 2013, p. 26 ff, online (PDF; 2.93 MB), at othes.univie.ac.at, accessed on January 3, 2017.
