Polysorbate 40

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Structural formula
Structure of polysorbate 40 w + x + y + z = 16
Typical structure of polysorbate 40
(w + x + y + z = 20)
"Mixture of partial esters of fatty acids, mainly palmitic acid , with sorbitol and its anhydrides, which are ethoxylated with about 20 moles of ethylene oxide for every mole of sorbitol and sorbitol anhydride."
General
Surname Polysorbate 40
other names
  • Tween® 40 ( trade name )
  • Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate ( IUPAC )
  • Sorbitan monohexedecanoate
  • E  434
Molecular formula C 62 H 122 O 26
Brief description

light yellowish, odorless, gel-like to liquid substance

External identifiers / databases
CAS number 9005-66-7
EC number 618-421-9
ECHA InfoCard 100.119.292
Wikidata Q1413823
properties
Molar mass 1283.63 g mol −1
Physical state

gel-like to liquid

density

1.08 g cm −3 (20 ° C)

solubility

soluble in water, ethanol (anhydrous), methanol , ethyl acetate and toluene

safety instructions
GHS labeling of hazardous substances
no GHS pictograms
H and P phrases H: no H-phrases
P: no P-phrases
Toxicological data

38,400 mg kg −1 ( LD 50 ,  rat ,  oral )

As far as possible and customary, SI units are used. Unless otherwise noted, the data given apply to standard conditions .

Polysorbate 40 is a surface-active substance that is used as an emulsifier and wetting agent in foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, for example.

properties

Polysorbate 40 is a hydrophilic, nonionic surfactant that is manufactured synthetically. Because of its HLB value of 15.6, it is therefore suitable for the production of oil-in-water (O / W) emulsions. The yellowish liquid has a viscosity of 400 to 600 mPas (25 ° C) and a flash point of over 113.0 ° C (measuring method: closed cup).

Polysorbate 40 is stable towards electrolytes as well as weak acids and bases . Some antibiotics and preservatives can be inhibited in their effectiveness . The effect of atmospheric oxygen leads to auto-oxidation of the substance. In the process, peroxides are initially formed, which react to form aldehydes , carboxylic acids and other degradation products that cannot yet be determined.

use

In pharmacy and food technology, polysorbate 40 is used as a wetting agent , solubilizer, O / W emulsifier and to stabilize foams. It is approved in the EU as a food additive (number E 434 ) for certain foods in quantities of up to five grams per kilogram or up to ten grams per kilogram in baking fats. The permitted daily dose is 10 milligrams per kilogram of body weight for all polysorbates combined.

Particularly pure qualities are required for drug manufacture, in pharmacopoeia specified.

Manufacturing

The esterification of sorbitol and its anhydrides ( sorbitan ) with palmitic acid produces sorbitan fatty acid esters . This reacts with ethylene oxide in a polyaddition , whereby polyoxyethylene bridges form, to form the polysorbate .

Environmental information

Polysorbate 40 has an LC 50 value of> 1000 mg / l in 48 h in Japanese rice fish ( Oryzias latipes ).

Related substances

Other representatives from the group of polysorbates are:

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ European Pharmacopoeia , Deutscher Apotheker Verlag Stuttgart, 6th edition, 2008, pp. 3719–3720, ISBN 978-3-7692-3962-1 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j F. von Bruchhausen (Ed.), G. Dannhardt, S. Ebel et al .: Hager's Handbook of Pharmaceutical Practice. Volume 9: fabrics PZ, 5th edition, Springer, Berlin 1993, p. 289 ff.
  3. ↑ Entry on E 434: Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate (polysorbate 40) in the European database for food additives, accessed on June 27, 2020.
  4. ↑ R. Ebermann, I. Elmadfa: Textbook food chemistry and nutrition. Springer, Vienna 2008, p. 643 ff.
  5. ↑ a b c Tween 40 data sheet from Sigma-Aldrich , accessed on July 9, 2011 ( PDF ).
  6. ↑ M. Donbrow, E. Azaz, A. Pillersdorf, 1978, J Pharm Sci . 67: 1676.