Prophets of islam

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As a prophet of Islam those people are called after Islamic identity as prophets apply. Many are mentioned in the Koran and also in the statements of Muhammad .

It is between prophets ( nabī  /نبي) and envoy ( rasūl  /رسول), whereby the religious scholars came up with different definitions. The two best-known statements on this are (mentioned by Qadi Iyad (d. 1149) and ar-Razi (d. 1209)):

  1. A messenger is sent to the people with a new legislation, whereas a prophet follows the legislation of the messenger who preceded him and urges people to obey it.
  2. A messenger is charged with preaching what God has revealed to him, but a prophet is not.

According to the doctrine of faith, every messenger is also a prophet, but not every prophet is a messenger. The Muʿtazila assumed the interchangeability of both names . The Koran also establishes belief in all recognized prophets and revealed books without making a distinction between them.

According to a prophetic tradition ( hadith ) cited in the Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal after the companion Abu Dharr, it is said that there were 313 (or 319) messengers and 124,000 prophets. The narratives of the various prophets make up a substantial part of the Koran, and many of them are mentioned by name. However, some prophets are only identified in hadiths and Quran commentaries ( tafsir ).

“We sent messengers (to the people) before you did. We have reported to you (specially) about some of them, not about others. "

- Quran, 40:78

In Islam the prophets are exclusively male:

"And we (always) only allowed men (as our messengers) to appear before you, to whom we gave (revelations), (men) from the inhabitants of the cities."

- Quran, 12:10

According to the Muslim doctrine, the first prophet was Adam , who was also the first person for the Muslims. As a climax, Mohammed closes the series of prophets with his embassy:

“[...] Rather, he is the Messenger of Allah and the seal of the prophets (i.e. the certifier of the previous prophets, or the last of the prophets). God knows everything. "

- Quran, 33:40

The 26 prophets or messengers mentioned are:

Surname Book so well known People, so well known Correspondence in the Bible
Adam whole world Adam
Idrīs Enoch (traditional equation)
Nūh People of Nūḥs Noah
Hūd ʿĀd may Eber
Ṣāliḥ Ṯamūd Shiloh
Ibrāhīm Ṣuḥuf People of Ibrāhīms Abraham
Lūṭ People of Lus Lot
Ismāʿīl Ishmael
Isḥāq Isaac
Yaʿqūb Patriarch Jacob
Yūsuf Patriarch Joseph
Ayyūb Job
Shuʿayb Madyan Jitro
Mūsā Torah Israelites Cunt
Harun Israelites Aaron
Yusha Joshua
Ḏu-l-Kifl possibly Ezekiel
Dāwūd Psalter David
Sulaimān Solomon
Ilyās Ilyās' people Elijah
al-Yasa Elisha
Yūnus People of Yūnus Jonah
Zakariyyā Zacharias
Yaḥya John the Baptist
ʿĪsā ibn Maryam Gospel Israelites Jesus of Nazareth
Muḥammad Koran whole world -

In addition, there are other people who, according to various scholarly opinions, were prophets, or pious or saints:

The following characteristics are attributed to each messenger, derived from religious law and logic, in order to underpin the essence of his embassy:

  • Sincerity in his call to follow him and in what he transmits from God
  • Trustworthiness in the sense of not doing anything forbidden or frowned upon and the sinlessness associated with it
  • Transmission of what has been revealed to him or what he should proclaim
  • high intelligence so that he cannot be taken advantage of

On the contrary, there are those characteristics that, according to the religious scholars, cannot possibly apply to a messenger (lies, deceit, concealment and simplicity). Because they are human, anything that can happen to a human is possible for them, including marriage, mild illness, etc., as long as it does not interfere with their mission.

literature

  • Amina Adil: Gifts of Light. The miraculous stories of God's messengers. Kandern, 1999. [Extensive collection of prophetic stories.]
  • Brannon M. Wheeler: Prophets . In: Richard C. Martin (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World . tape 2 . Macmillan Reference USA, Thomson Gale, New York (et al.) 2004, ISBN 0-02-865912-0 , pp. 554-555 .
  • The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition, Vol. 8, Brill, Leiden, 1986, pp. 454 f. (Rasūl)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ al-Qāḍī Iyāḍ: asch-Shifāʾ, vol. 1, p. 249 ff., Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah
  2. ↑ a b Faḫr ad-Dīn ar-Rāzī: at-Tafsīr al-Kabīr. 1st edition, Vol. 23, p. 50, Dar al-Fikr
  3. ↑ 2: 136, 3:84, 4: 136, 42:13
  4. ↑ al-Muttaqī al-Hindī: Kanz al-ʿummāl, ed. Al-Ḥayyānī and as-Saqqā, Beirut 1979, vol. 16, no. 44158, especially p. 132; Muʾassasat ar-Risāla. Al-Ḫaṭīb at-Tibrīzī: Mishkāt al-maṣābīḥ, English translation: Mishkat Al-Masabih, translated by James Robson, Lahore 1981, vol. 2, p. 1129; Sh. Muhammad Ashraf.
  5. ↑ 3:33
  6. ↑ 2:30
  7. ↑ 19:54
  8. ↑ 26: 107
  9. ↑ 6: 105
  10. ↑ 26: 125
  11. ↑ 7:65
  12. ↑ 26: 143
  13. ↑ 7:83
  14. ↑ 9:70
  15. ↑ 87:19
  16. ↑ 22:43
  17. ↑ 26: 162
  18. ↑ 26: 160
  19. ↑ 19:54
  20. ↑ a b 19:49
  21. ↑ a b c d e f 6:89
  22. ↑ 24: 178
  23. ↑ 7:85
  24. ↑ 19:51
  25. ↑ 53:34
  26. ↑ 2: 47-55
  27. ↑ 19:53
  28. ↑ 7: 142
  29. ↑ "Sahih Muslim, No. 4385"
  30. ↑ 38:48
  31. ↑ 17:55
  32. ↑ 37: 173
  33. ↑ 37: 124
  34. ↑ 37: 139
  35. ↑ 10:98
  36. ↑ 3:39
  37. ↑ 4: 171
  38. ↑ 57:27
  39. ↑ 61: 6
  40. ↑ 33:40
  41. ↑ 42: 7
  42. ↑ 25: 1
  43. ↑ as-Sanūsī: Umm al-Barāhīn. commented by Said Faudah, Dar al-Razi, p. 103
  44. ↑ 53: 1 f., 33: 8, 33:22
  45. ↑ 3:31 in conjunction with 7:28
  46. ↑ 5: 3, 2: 256
  47. ↑ 25:20