Roman stone monuments from Százhalombatta-Dunafüred

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Roman stone monuments from Százhalombatta-Dunafüred were brought to light in particular through the excavations that began in 1942 at the Matrica Fort . This Roman military camp , which was once responsible for monitoring the Pannonian Danube Limes , is now located in the Hungarian city ​​of Százhalombatta , on the southern edge of the Dunafüred district. The excavation sites encompassing the fort area, the surrounding camp village ( vicus ) and the necropolis are known for their relatively rich inscription finds.

In particular, the gravestones and altars of military personnel occupy a large space in the inscription collection.

  • At the age of 50, the Publius Afranius Victor cohort center was buried in Matrica. His tombstone, which was made between 120 and 150, also names the Cohors I stationed there at the time . The still living wife Claudia Ingenua had the stone erected for her husband and herself on the southern burial ground (grave 153). Archaeologists found him there in 1974.
  • A grave altar middle block from the period between 120 and 150, which came to light in the southern burial ground, names the Celtic-born Roman citizen and veteran Publius Comatius Adiutor, who served as Decurio (squadron commander) in the Cohors I Alpinorum equitata and at the age of 70 had passed away. Publius Comatius Adiutor was born as the son of Publius in the Noric Claudium Virunum , which was raised by Emperor Claudius (41-54) to the Municipium and belonged to the civil district of Claudia, as proudly proclaimed on the grave altar. The mythical figure of Attis depicted on the stone is found more frequently in Virunum and could have been brought to Matrica by the deceased. His oriental freed slave Publius Comatius Lamyrus made sure that the finely crafted grave altar was set.
  • The grave stela of the soldier Caraco, who died at the age of 50 and who belonged to the Cohors I Alpinorum equitata , also dates between 120 and 150 from the fort area . The name of the leader of his hundred ( centurie ) is only partially preserved: Publi ...
  • The grave stele of the free-born Claudius Ingenuus, made between 180 and 200, was discovered in 1977 around 800 meters west of the fort. He served as a trumpeter (bucinator) in the Cohors milliaria Maurorum and already set the stone for himself during his lifetime, his wife Flavia Paulina, who died at the age of 26, and his two children Claudius Paulinus and Claudia (?) Ingenua (this name is only partially legible ).
  • The honorary altar, which was built between 198 and 209, names a cohort prefect of the Cohors milliaria Maurorum belonging to the knighthood : Quintus Cornelius Secundus, the son of Quintus from the civil district of Arnensis in central Italy. The dedication to Emperor Septimius Severus and his sons was probably made in 202 when the Emperor visited the two Pannonia.
  • In a late Roman grave in the western cemetery, the there as was 1991 spoils reused grave stele of veterans Curtius Felix. The deceased at the age of 60 had served in the Cohors milliaria Maurorum as a simple soldier. In addition to Curtius Felix, his daughter Aelia Carina, who died at the age of 10, is named. The marriage joy and mother Aelia Annamata as well as the son Aelius Primitivus placed the gravestone between 200 and 250 for both of them.
  • The name of the soldier Ulpius Florentinus was preserved on a limestone altar recovered in the Danube in front of the fort from the period between 201 and 230 for Iuppiter Paternus , who was the Miles capsarius (medic) of the Legio II Adiutrix (2nd century AD ), temporarily stationed in Aquincum (Budapest) . Legion "the helper") belonged. As the historian Péter Kovács noted, the stone must have come from the first half of the 3rd century. There is a second possibility to interpret the abbreviation M CA obtained . After that, the sequence of letters would dissolve as Magister canabarum ("Head of the settlement").
  • The gravestone of Aelius Faventinus (or Aventinus), who died at the age of 25, was made in the Severan period between 200 and 235, and the Cohors milliaria Maurorum was given a name of honor at that time , which she received as an award. At times she was called "the Severian" (Severiana). In addition to Aelius Faventinus, the inscription names his mother Floriana, who was buried at the age of 50, and his father Faventius, who died after four years of military service.
  • The Optio Aelius Mar ... erected a grave stele for his family, which has now been badly damaged. This included his wife Septimia Ocna, who died at the age of 35, his daughter Ulpia Emerita, who was buried at the age of 12, and his son Aelius ... lio, who died at the age of 6 months. The inscription, created between 200 and 240, was misused as a grave slab in late antiquity and was found in 1957 on the southern burial ground.
  • According to the epigrapher Barnabás Lőrincz, a roof-shaped lid of a sarcophagus that was recovered as a spoil in a late Roman grave in 1975 was made between 200 and 250 years old. It was intended for the soldier Aurelius Oceanus, who died at the age of 20 years, six months and seven days. By then, the young man had done two years of military service.
  • The soldier Claudius Candidianus, also a member of the Cohors milliaria Maurorum, built an altar for Jupiter after taking a vow. The stone was discovered in 1991 as a spoil in a late antique grave in the western burial ground.
  • A heavily damaged statue base, which was found north of the rear camp gate (Porta decumana) in 1872 , documents an honorary name acquired during the reign of Emperor Maximinus Thrax (235-238) of the Cohors milliaria Maurorum stationed in Matrica at the time . It is "Maximiniana", "the Maximinian"
  • South-east of the street in the southern burial ground, the gravestone of a woman who died at the age of 23 was found, whose name has not been preserved. Her husband, Claudius Valerius, a soldier of the Legio I Italica (1st Italian Legion), was left alone with their two children, Claudius Valerius and Claudia Valerina.
Votive altar of Aelius Victor
  • In the years 267/268 the veteran Aelius Victor, once a member of the Legio II Adiutrix, erected a votive altar that was recovered in the spring of 1969 about 90 to 100 meters north of the fort in the vicus . Due to the situation in which it was found, Mócsy assumed that the stone must have been roughly at its original location. The expression cives Romani territorii Matricensium mentioned in this inscription, which is important for research, referred to Matrica as a camp village that not only administered its own territory, but also obviously had facilities based on the municipal model.
  • For the history of the Pannonian Limes, a building inscription dating from 180 to 183 AD is important, which came out of the ground in the storage area. An identical copy was also found in the Limes Fort Intercisa . The two inscriptions bear witness to a major building program under Emperor Commodus (180–192) to secure the borders after the Marcomann Wars . The opponents in this border area, in this case the Sarmatians , who are difficult to assess for Rome , are called robbers . The indications tribunicia potestate VI / imperator IIII (180 AD) and consul IIII (183 AD) do not match in both known inscriptions. There is obviously a spelling mistake by the stonemason. The tenure of Lucius Cornelius Felix Plotianus is located between 183 and 185 AD. The translated text reads: The emperor Caesar Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus Augustus Pius, Sarmatian winner, German winner, Britannian winner, high priest, holder of tribunician power for the sixth time , emperor for the fourth time, consul for the fourth time, father of the fatherland, has all Burgi on the riverbank of his own accord, then fortified the forts at the opposite locations in order to forestall the passage of roaming robbers by Lucius Cornelius Felix Plotianus, governor .

In addition to the written remains, which were dominated by the military, only a few inscriptions by civilians from the camp village were found.

  • A daughter erects a tombstone for her mother Aelia Sura between 130 and 250 years.

Lost property

Most of the stone monuments are located in the Matrica Museum in Százhalombatta and are partly stored there in the depot. A few were taken to the Hungarian National Museum in Budapest and the St. Stephen's Museum ( Szent István Király Múzeum ) in Stuhlweissenburg .

literature

  • Péter Kovács : New Roman inscriptions in the Matrica Museum (Százhalombatta). In: Acta antiqua. Academiae scientiarum Hungaricae. 36, 1995, pp. 249-264.
  • Sándor Soproni , Jenő Fitz , András Mócsy u. a .: The territory of Aquincum, the Civitas Eraviscorum and the Limes stretch of Matrica-Annamatia and the territory of Gorsium. In: The Roman Inscriptions of Hungary (RIU). 6. Delivery. Enciklopédia Kiadó, Budapest and Rudolf Habelt Verlag, Bonn 2001, ISBN 3-7749-3054-6 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ AE 1982, 812 .
  2. ^ Péter Kovács : New Roman inscriptions in the Matrica Museum (Százhalombatta). In: Acta antiqua. Academiae scientiarum Hungaricae 36, Budapest 1995. p. 255.
  3. ^ Sándor Soproni, Jenő Fitz, András Mócsy u. a .: The territory of Aquincum, the Civitas Eraviscorum and the Limes stretch of Matrica-Annamatia and the territory of Gorsium. In: The Roman Inscriptions of Hungary (RIU). 6. Delivery. Enciklopédia Kiadó, Budapest and Rudolf Habelt Verlag, Bonn 2001, ISBN 3-7749-3054-6 , p. 164.
  4. ↑ Barnabás Lőrincz: The Roman auxiliaries in Pannonia during the Principate's time. Part I: The Inscriptions. Forschungsgesellschaft Wiener Stadtarchäologie, Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-902086-02-5 , p. 226, no.225.
  5. ↑ AE 1995, 1271 .
  6. ↑ AE 1982, 816 .
  7. ^ Sándor Soproni, Jenő Fitz, András Mócsy u. a .: The territory of Aquincum, the Civitas Eraviscorum and the Limes stretch of Matrica-Annamatia and the territory of Gorsium. In: The Roman Inscriptions of Hungary (RIU). 6. Delivery. Enciklopédia Kiadó, Budapest and Rudolf Habelt Verlag, Bonn 2001, ISBN 3-7749-3054-6 , No. 1427.
  8. ↑ AE 1993, 1299 .
  9. ^ Péter Kovács: Juppiter Optimus Maximus Paternus and the Cohors milliaria Maurorum. In: Acta antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 40. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2000, p. 239.
  10. ^ AE 1986, 594 .
  11. ^ AE 2001, 1679 .
  12. ^ AE 1965, 11 .
  13. ↑ Barnabás Lőrincz: The Roman auxiliaries in Pannonia during the Principate's time. Part I: The Inscriptions. Research Society of Vienna City Archeology, Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-902086-02-5 , No. 387.
  14. ↑ AE 1993, 1301 .
  15. ^ Sándor Soproni, Jenő Fitz, András Mócsy u. a .: The territory of Aquincum, the Civitas Eraviscorum and the Limes stretch of Matrica-Annamatia and the territory of Gorsium. In: The Roman Inscriptions of Hungary (RIU). 6. Delivery. Enciklopédia Kiadó, Budapest and Rudolf Habelt Verlag, Bonn 2001, ISBN 3-7749-3054-6 , No. 1424.
  16. ↑ CIL 3, 10375 .
  17. ↑ AE 1984, 812 .
  18. ↑ AE 2001, 01685d .
  19. ^ András Mócsy: Pannonia and the Roman army. Selected essays. Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-515-06103-7 , pp. 161-162 and 170.
  20. ↑ CIL 3, 3385 .
  21. ↑ Zsolt Mráv : L. Cornelius Felix Plotianus, governor of Commodus in Pannonia Inferior and the building history of the auxiliary fort Intercisa (Dunaújváros, Hungary) In: Szilvia Bíró (ed.): Studia officina ... Studia in honorem Dénes Gabler. Mursella, Győr 2009, pp. 357-387; here: p. 373.
  22. ↑ CIL 3, 10376 .