R-11 (missile)

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R-11 (missile)

8U218 launch vehicle with R-11 missile (without warhead)
8U218 launch vehicle with R-11 missile (without warhead)

General Information
Type Short-range missile
Local name R-11, 8A61, R-11M, 8K61, R-11FM
NATO designation SS-1b Scud-A, SS-N-1 Scud-A
Country of origin Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union Soviet Union
Manufacturer OKB-1 (Korolev)
development 1952
Commissioning 1958
Working time 1974
Unit price R-11 : 800.0000 rubles
R-11M : 4-8 million rubles
Technical specifications
length R-11 : 10.42 m,
R-11M : 10.34 m
diameter 880 mm
Combat weight R-11 : 5,350 kg
R-11M : 5,410 kg
span 1,810 mm
drive Liquid rocket engine
Range R-11 : 270 km,
R-11M : 170 km
Furnishing
steering Gyroscopes
Warhead R-11 : 690 kg fragmentation warhead
R-11M : Nuclear warhead 10 kT
Weapon platforms Tracked vehicle
Lists on the subject

The R-11 Zemlya was a surface -to-surface ballistic missile from the Soviet Union . The NATO code name is SS-1b Scud-A and in the GRAU index it is designated 8A61 . The export designation was initially R-11E and later R-170 . It belonged to the short-range missile class (SRBM).

development

Immediately after the Second World War , a replica of the Aggregat 4 rocket (V-2) from the German Reich was built in the Soviet Union . The reconstruction of this rocket, called R-1 , took place in the rocket design office OKB-1 under the direction of Sergei Pavlovich Koroljow and with the help of German scientists. The Soviet Army was not very enthusiastic about the R-1 model, so that finally in 1952 a government decision was made to develop a new ballistic missile. This new missile should have the same capabilities as the R-1, but be more compact and simpler, and should have significantly improved payload effectiveness. In the same year, the OKB-1 began developing a new rocket. For this purpose, the two designers Koroljow and Viktor Petrovich Makejew resorted to the design of the waterfall anti-aircraft missile. A liquid rocket engine developed by Aleksei Michailowitsch Isajew (OKB-2) was also used. Isajew developed this engine, also from the waterfall anti-aircraft missile, for the anti-aircraft missile S-25 Berkut and has now been adapted for the new missile. The control system of the R-1 missile was also added. The first flight of this rocket, now designated R-11 , took place on April 18, 1953. During the test phase, 30 test flights were carried out during three campaigns. The R-11 was introduced to the Soviet Army on April 1, 1958. The subsequent mass production took place in the rocket production factory SKB-385 . This missile was later named SS-1b Scud-A by NATO .

technology

The R-11 was a single-stage rocket and can be roughly divided into five sections: The rocket engine of the type 8D511 (S2.253) was housed in the rear . Four thrusters were also installed in the nozzle , which were connected to the four trapezoidal control surfaces . The fuel tank was located above the rocket engine. T-1 or TS-1 was used as fuel . These were mixtures of kerosene and cresol . In the following section, liquid gas generators for supplying compressed gas to the fuel tank and the steering system were housed. The steering system worked similarly to that of the A4 and consisted of an 8L261 gyro horizontal and an 8L262 gyro vertical. Above this section was the tank for the oxidizer . This was filled with AK-20 , a mixture of 80% nitric acid and 20% nitrous tetroxide . The liquid gas generators for the oxidizer tank were located above this tank. This was followed by the ogive missile tip , in which the warhead was housed. On the outside of the rocket fuselage ran two shafts for the cables and the compressed gas lines for the oxidizer. The rocket fuselage was designed as a frame construction with 3–3.5 mm thick steel planking . Since no suitable nuclear warhead was available at the time the R-11 was developed, the original version, the R-11, was equipped exclusively with a conventional fragmentation warhead. This weighed 690 kg and had an explosive content of 540 kg trinitrotoluene . The R-11 was transported by 8U227 - tracked vehicle . This was based on the AT-T artillery tractor. This made the R-11 mobile and relocatable. For the rocket launch, the rocket was positioned with a crane over the rear of the vehicle at a vertical angle of 90 °. Then it was on 8U22 - launching pad lowered and the tracked vehicle was driven away. On the launch table, the rocket was refueled with the fuel and the oxidizer. Then the rocket was turned to the necessary azimuth and the guidance system was raised. The preparation time for launch was 3–3.5 hours. The rocket was launched from a safe distance using a wired control panel. The engine was started by injecting hypergolic "TG-02 (Tonka-250)" into the fuel lines. TG-02 was a mixture of xylidines and triethylamine . The steering system and the engine worked for 90-92 seconds. During this time, an average of 7.9 kg of fuel and around 30 kg of oxidizer were burned per second. After the fuel was used up, the flight continued without steering or drive on the trajectory of a trajectory parabola . The apogee was up to 78 km. The maximum shooting distance of 270 km was covered in around 5.4 minutes. The maximum speed was 1430–1500 m / s. The R-11 hit the target with a mean accuracy ( CEP ) of 1-3 km, with a maximum deviation of 4 km. The warhead was fired by an impact fuse . The minimum shooting distance was 60 km.

variants

R-11

This original version had a range of 270 km and was equipped with a conventional fragmentation warhead. The R-11 was introduced to the Soviet Army in 1958. The NATO code name was SS-1b Scud-A and in the GRAU index it was designated 8A61 .

R-11M

In 1954, a government decision was made to equip the R-11 with a nuclear warhead . Between 1955 and 1958, 27 test flights were carried out with the modified R-11 missile. The new missile was introduced to the Soviet Army from 1958 under the designation R-11M. The R-11M was primarily equipped with the 3N10 nuclear warhead. This warhead was developed in KB-11 (VNIIEF) in Sarow and had an explosive force of 10 kT . The warhead weighed 970 kg and thus reduced the firing distance of the R-11M to 150 km. If the R-11M was equipped with the lighter conventional fragmentation warhead, it had a range of around 270 km. The R-11 was transported on the 8U218 tracked vehicle (initially also 2U218 ). This was based on the ISU-152K . The NATO code name of the R-11M was SS-1b Scud-A and in the GRAU index it was designated 8K11 . The entire system was later designated 9K11 . From 1961 on, exports to friendly countries were made under the designation R-170 .

R-11FM

In 1954 a government decision was made to develop a submarine-based R-11 missile. In the same year, the OKB-1 (Koroljow) began developing the rocket, initially known as the R-11F . In 1955 the project was transferred to the SKB-385 (Makejew), where development was continued. The first test start of an R-11FM took place in February 1955 on the Kapustin Jar test site . The first test launch from a submarine took place on September 16, 1955. In February 1959, the R-11FM was introduced to the Soviet Navy . The R-11FM were installed as part of the D-1 missile complex on the submarines of Project 611 (NATO code name Zulu class ) and Project 629 (NATO code name Golf class ). Like the R-11M version, the R-11FM was primarily equipped with the 3N10 nuclear warhead. With this warhead, the maximum range of the R-11FM was 165–170 km. The R-11FM hit the target with a mean accuracy (CEP) of 3–5 km, with a maximum deviation of 7 km. The NATO code name of the R-11FM was SS-N-1 Scud-A and in the GRAU index it was designated 8A61FM .

R-11A

The R-11A was a sounding rocket based on the R-11. The first take-off took place in 1958. With the R-11A, a payload of 250-400 kg could be transported on a suborbital flight to an altitude of over 100 km. The improved version R-11A-MW was available from 1962. With this version, altitudes of 200 km were reached.

R-11MU

The R-11MU was an improved version of the R-11M with an increased range. In the GRAU index it was designated 8K12 . It was developed from 1957 and later renamed the R-17 .

distribution

The R-11 missiles were eliminated from the late 1960s and replaced by the R-17. The following countries had the R-11 in their portfolio:

literature

  • Lennox Duncan: Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems . Edition 2001, 34th edition Edition, Jane's Information Group, 2001, ISBN 0-7106-0880-2 .
  • Podvig Pavel: Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces . MIT Press, 2004, ISBN 0-262-16202-4
  • Schmucker Robert & Schiller Markus: Missile Threat 2.0: Technical and Political Basics . Mittler Verlag, 2015, ISBN 3-8132-0956-3 .
  • Zaloga Steven, Laurier Jim & Ray Lee: Scud Ballistic Missile Launch Systems 1955-2005 . Osprey Publishing, 2006, ISBN 1-84176-947-9

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Zaloga Steven, Laurier Jim & Ray Lee: Scud Ballistic Missile Launch Systems 1955-2005 . 2006. p. 4.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Schmucker Robert & Schiller Markus: Missile Threat 2.0: Technical and Political Basics . 2015. p. 278.
  3. ↑ a b c Mark Wade: R-11 in the Encyclopedia Astronautica , accessed on November 13, 2018 (English).
  4. ^ A b c Zaloga Steven, Laurier Jim & Ray Lee: Scud Ballistic Missile Launch Systems 1955-2005 . 2006. p. 7.
  5. ↑ a b c d e f Duncan Lenox: Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems, Edition 2001. 2001. pp. 131-134.
  6. ^ A b c d e Norbert Bruges: The Soviet "Scud" missile family. In: www.b14643.de. Space Launch Vehicles, November 5, 2018, accessed November 13, 2018 .
  7. ^ A b Schmucker Robert & Schiller Markus: Missile Threat 2.0: Technical and Political Basics . 2015. p. 281.
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g Р-11 / 8А61, Р-11М / 8К11 - SS-1B SCUD-A. In: military.tomsk.ru. Military Russia, accessed November 22, 2018 (in Russian).
  9. ^ Schmucker Robert & Schiller Markus: Missile Threat 2.0: Technical and Political Basics . 2015. p. 280.
  10. ^ Zaloga Steven, Laurier Jim & Ray Lee: Scud Ballistic Missile Launch Systems 1955-2005 . 2006. p. 5.
  11. ↑ a b c Podvig: Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces . 2004. pp. 309-312.
  12. ↑ Р-11ФМ / 8А61ФМ - SS-N-1 SCUD-A. In: military.tomsk.ru. Military Russia, accessed November 22, 2018 (in Russian).
  13. ↑ Mark Wade: R-11FM in the Encyclopedia Astronautica , accessed on November 13, 2018 (English).
  14. ^ Zaloga Steven, Laurier Jim & Ray Lee: Scud Ballistic Missile Launch Systems 1955-2005 . 2006. p. 10.
  15. ↑ Первая морская баллистическая ракета Р-11ФМ. (PDF) In: bastion-karpenko.ru. НЕВСКИЙ БАСТИОН, accessed November 15, 2018 (Russian).
  16. ^ Zaloga Steven, Laurier Jim & Ray Lee: Scud Ballistic Missile Launch Systems 1955-2005 . 2006. p. 9.
  17. ↑ Mark Wade: R-11A in the Encyclopedia Astronautica , accessed on November 13, 2018 (English).
  18. ↑ Mark Wade: R-11A-MV in the Encyclopedia Astronautica , accessed on November 13, 2018 (English).
  19. ^ Schmucker Robert & Schiller Markus: Missile Threat 2.0: Technical and Political Basics . 2015. p. 284.
  20. ^ Trade Register on sipri.org , Retrieved November 16, 2018