R and S phrases

The R- and S-phrases (" R isiko- und S icherheitssätze", English risk and safety ) were codified warning notices to characterize the hazard characteristics of hazardous substances , i.e. elements and compounds as well as dangerous preparations made from them . Together with the hazard designations and the associated hazard symbols, they were the most important aids for the labeling of hazardous substances required within the EU in accordance with Directive 67/548 / EEC .

The R-phrases were the starting point for the classification of a dangerous substance. Once these were established, both the necessary hazard designations with hazard symbols and the necessary S-phrases resulted.

The globally harmonized system for the classification and labeling of chemicals (GHS) replaces this hazardous substance labeling. GHS labeling has been mandatory for substances since December 1st, 2012, for mixtures (previously called "preparations") since June 1st, 2015. Remaining stocks of mixtures that were still labeled with R and S phrases could be used until May 31, 2017 to be sold. Substances and mixtures classified according to GHS are marked with GHS hazard pictograms and H and P phrases .

Legal basis

The Directive 67/548 / EEC into Annex I a large number of individual hazardous substances and releases for each substance listed there a classification and labeling before. Substances, i.e. individual chemical elements or compounds which are not listed in Annex I of Directive 67/548 / EEC, are classified and labeled in accordance with Annex VI of this Directive ; Preparations must be classified and labeled in accordance with Directive 99/45 / EEC. The R and S phrases only describe hazard features that result from the chemical properties of the substances, i.e. no radioactivity or risk of infection.

The wording of the R and S sentences is standardized in Annex III and IV of this directive for the respective EU language. According to the national laws necessary to implement the directive, the information on the packaging in the respective national language (s) of the countries in which the dangerous substance or preparation was placed on the market was required. For the movement of goods within or to the EU, it was therefore necessary for the exporter to affix these texts to the packaging in the lingua franca of the respective importing countries. In addition, the specification of the sentences in the safety data sheet was required.

The labeling rules were implemented in Germany via the Hazardous Substances Ordinance.

In Switzerland , the Federal Office of Public Health (BAG) was responsible. It kept its own list of translations.

Directive 67/548 / EEC was replaced by the EU regulation published on December 31, 2008 on the introduction of the globally harmonized system for the classification and labeling of chemicals (GHS). With this system, which has been developed by a UN commission since 1992, the warning symbols and warning texts for hazardous substances are redefined and standardized worldwide. The validity of the R and S phrases (as well as the previous hazard symbols with their hazard warnings) was therefore limited to the transition periods specified in the GHS.

Continuing effect

For the point system for the classification of substances and mixtures in water hazard classes according to the German Ordinance on Systems for Handling Substances Hazardous to Water (AwSV) of April 18, 2017, the classifications on which the R-phrases are based are still relevant.

Abbreviation of the coding

The following rule applies to the abbreviated form of coding: When the sentences are listed, either a hyphen (-) is placed after the introductory letter (R or S) between the numbers of the sentences to separate them or, in the case of certain permitted combinations, a slash (/) to summarize in a single sentence.

List of references to particular risks (R-phrases)

R 1 Explosive when dry .

R 2 Risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire and other sources of ignition.

R 3 Extreme risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire and other sources of ignition.

R 4 Forms highly sensitive, explosive metal compounds.

R 5 Explosive when heated.

R 6 Explosive with and without air.

R 7 May cause fire.

R 8 Risk of fire in contact with combustible substances.

R 9 Risk of explosion when mixed with flammable substances.

R 10 Flammable.

R 11 Highly flammable.

R 12 Extremely flammable.

R 14 Reacts violently with water.

R 15 Contact with water liberates extremely flammable gases.

R 16 Explosive when mixed with oxidizing substances.

R 17 Spontaneously flammable in air.

R 18 Formation of explosive / highly flammable vapor-air mixture possible during use.

R 19 May form explosive peroxides .

R 20 Harmful by inhalation.

R 21 Harmful in contact with skin.

R 22 Harmful if swallowed.

R 23 Toxic by inhalation.

R 24 Toxic in contact with skin.

R 25 Toxic if swallowed.

R 26 Very toxic by inhalation.

R 27 Very toxic in contact with skin.

R 28 Very toxic if swallowed.

R 29 Contact with water liberates toxic gas.

R 30 Can become highly flammable in use.

R 31 Contact with acids liberates toxic gases.

R 32 Contact with acids liberates very toxic gases.

R 33 Risk of cumulative effects.

R 34 Causes burns .

R 35 Causes severe burns.

R 36 irritates the eyes.

R 37 Irritating to the respiratory system.

R 38 Irritating to skin.

R 39 Risk of very serious irreversible effects.

R 40 Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect.

R 41 Risk of serious eye damage.

R 42 May cause sensitization through inhalation.

R43 May cause sensitization by skin contact.

R 44 Risk of explosion when heated under inclusion.

R 45 May cause cancer.

R 46 May cause heritable genetic damage.

R 48 Risk of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure.

R 49 May cause cancer if inhaled.

R 50 Very toxic to aquatic organisms.

R 51 Toxic to aquatic organisms.

R 52 Harmful to aquatic organisms.

R 53 May cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.

R 54 Toxic to plants.

R 55 Toxic to animals.

R 56 Toxic to soil organisms .

R 57 Toxic to bees .

R 58 May have long-term adverse effects on the environment.

R 59 Dangerous for the ozone layer .

R 60 Can the fertility affect.

R 61 May cause harm to the unborn child.

R 62 Possible risk of impaired fertility.

R 63 Possible risk of harm to the unborn child.

R 64 May cause harm to babies through breast milk .

R 65 Harmful: may cause lung damage if swallowed.

R 66 Repeated contact can lead to rough or cracked skin.

R 67 Vapours may cause drowsiness and dizziness.

R 68 Possible risk of irreversible effects.

The following R-phrases can be combined to get by with less text:

R 14/15 Reacts violently with water, liberating extremely flammable gases.
R 15/29 Contact with water liberates toxic and extremely flammable gases.
R 20/21 Harmful by inhalation and in contact with skin.
R 20/22 Harmful by inhalation and if swallowed.
R 20/21/22 Harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed.
R 21/22 Harmful in contact with skin and if swallowed.
R 23/24 Toxic by inhalation and in contact with skin.
R 23/25 Toxic by inhalation and if swallowed.
R 23/24/25 Toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed.
R 24/25 Toxic in contact with skin and if swallowed.
R 26/27 Very toxic by inhalation and in contact with skin.
R 26/28 Very toxic by inhalation and if swallowed.
R 26/27/28 Very toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed.
R 27/28 Very toxic in contact with skin and if swallowed.
R 36/37 Irritating to eyes and respiratory system.
R 36/38 Irritating to eyes and skin.
R 36/37/38 Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin.
R 37/38 Irritates the respiratory system and the skin.
R 39/23 Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation.
R 39/24 Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects in contact with skin.
R 39/25 Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects if swallowed.
R 39/23/24 Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation and in contact with skin.
R 39/23/25 Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation and if swallowed.
R 39/24/25 Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects in contact with skin and if swallowed.
R 39/23/24/25 Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed.
R 39/26 Very toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation.
R 39/27 Very toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects in contact with skin.
R 39/28 Very toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects if swallowed.
R 39/26/27 Very toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation and in contact with skin.
R 39/26/28 Very toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation and if swallowed.
R 39/27/28 Very toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects in contact with skin and if swallowed.
R 39/26/27/28 Very toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed.
R 42/43 May cause sensitization through inhalation and skin contact.
R 48/20 Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation.
R 48/21 Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure in contact with skin.
R 48/22 Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure if swallowed.
R 48/20/21 Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation and in contact with skin.
R 48/20/22 Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation and if swallowed.
R 48/21/22 Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through contact with skin and if swallowed.
R 48/20/21/22 Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed.
R 48/23 Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation.
R 48/24 Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure in contact with skin.
R 48/25 Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure if swallowed.
R 48/23/24 Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation and in contact with skin.
R 48/23/25 Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation and if swallowed.
R 48/24/25 Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through contact with skin and if swallowed.
R 48/23/24/25 Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed.
R 50/53 Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.
R 51/53 Toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.
R 52/53 Harmful to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.
R 68/20 Harmful: Possibility of irreversible damage through inhalation.
R 68/21 Harmful: Possibility of irreversible damage in contact with skin.
R 68/22 Harmful: possibility of irreversible damage if swallowed.
R 68/20/21 Harmful: Possibility of irreversible damage through inhalation and in contact with skin.
R 68/20/22 Harmful: possibility of irreversible damage through inhalation and if swallowed.
R 68/21/22 Harmful: Possibility of irreversible damage in contact with skin and if swallowed.
R 68/20/21/22 Harmful: possibility of irreversible damage through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed.

Order of the R-phrases

R-phrases which are assigned to the hazard characteristics "carcinogenic", "mutagenic" and / or "toxic to reproduction" are usually at the beginning:

R 45 May cause cancer.
R 46 May cause heritable genetic damage.
R 49 May cause cancer if inhaled.
R 60 May impair fertility.
R 61 May cause harm to the unborn child.

The other numbers mostly followed in ascending order. It should be noted that (for historical reasons) mostly the lower numbers describe physical hazards (e.g. flammability, risk of explosion), the middle numbers describe health hazards (e.g. toxicity, corrosivity) and the higher numbers environmental hazards. Of course, the user was free to name the dangers first, which he considered to be particularly great.

Another peculiarity of the sequence results from the substances with "Note E":

Special case "Note E" in Appendix I of RL 67/548 / EEC

Substances classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic and / or toxic to reproduction of category 1 or 2 according to Annex VI Chapter 4 of Directive 67/548 / EEC (so-called CMR substances ) are assigned the note E if they are also very toxic (T +), toxic (T) or harmful (Xn) in terms of an acute or chronic health hazard. For these substances the risk phrases R 20, R 21, R 22, R 23, R 24, R 25, R 26, R 27, R 28, R 39, R 40, R 48 and R 65 as well as all valid combinations of these risk phrases preceded by the word "also". This does not apply to corrosive, irritant or sensitizing properties.

This additional labeling occurs because these acute health hazards would have to be identified with the same hazard symbols and hazard designations (skull with “very toxic” or “toxic” or St. Andrew's cross with “harmful to health”).

This regulation has its own class of R-phrases.

So if a hazardous substance both z. B. is carcinogenic in category 1 (and is therefore marked with a skull) and is also acutely toxic when inhaled, then due to this double risk it received the note E with the following result (example):

R: 45-E23 Carcinogenic. Also toxic by inhalation.

These sentences should immediately follow R-sentences 45, 46, 49, 60, 61, otherwise the context for the word "also" is lost (negative example):

R: 45-4-E23 / 24/25 Carcinogenic. Forms highly sensitive, potentially explosive metal compounds. Also toxic if inhaled, swallowed and in contact with skin.

List of safety advice (S-phrases)

S 1 Store locked up.

S 2 Keep out of the reach of children.

S 3 Keep cool.

S 4 Keep away from living quarters.

S 5 Keep under…. (suitable liquid to be specified by the manufacturer)

S 6 Keep under…. (inert gas to be specified by the manufacturer)

S 7 Keep container tightly closed.

S 8 Keep container dry.

S 9 Keep container in a well-ventilated place.

S 10 Keep contents moist.

S 11 Prevent entry of air.

S 12 Do not seal containers gas-tight.

S 13 Keep away from food, drink and animal feed.

S 14 Keep away from…. (incompatible substances to be specified by the manufacturer)

S 15 Protect from heat.

S 16 Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking.

S 17 Keep away from combustible materials.

S 18 Open and handle container with care.

S 20 Do not eat or drink while working.

S 21 Do not smoke while working.

S 22 Do not breathe dust.

S 23 Do not breathe gas / smoke / vapor / aerosol. (suitable designations to be specified by the manufacturer)

S24 Avoid contact with skin.

S 25 Avoid contact with eyes.

S 26 In case of contact with the eyes, rinse thoroughly with water and consult a doctor.

S 27 Take off contaminated, soaked clothing immediately.

S 28 In case of contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of ... (to be specified by the manufacturer)

S 29 Do not allow to enter sewers.

S 30 Never add water.

S 31 Keep away from explosive substances

S 33 Take measures against electrostatic charging.

S 34 Avoid impact and friction.

S 35 Waste and containers must be disposed of in a safe manner.

S 36 Wear suitable protective clothing when working.

S 37 Wear suitable protective gloves .

S 38 In case of insufficient ventilation wear suitable respiratory equipment .

S 39 Wear eye / face protection.

S 40 Clean the floor and contaminated objects with…. (Material to be specified by the manufacturer)

S 41 Do not inhale explosion or fire gases.

S 42 Wear suitable breathing apparatus when smoking / spraying. (Designation to be given by the manufacturer)

S 43 Use… to delete. (to be specified by the manufacturer) (if water increases the risk, add: Do not use water)

S 44 If you feel unwell, seek medical advice (show the label if possible).

S 45 In the event of an accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label if possible).

S 46 If swallowed, seek medical advice immediately and show the container or label.

S 47 Do not store at temperatures above… ° C. (to be specified by the manufacturer)

S 48 Keep moist with ... (to be specified by the manufacturer)

S 49 Keep only in the original container.

S 50 Do not mix with ... (to be specified by the manufacturer)

S 51 Use only in well-ventilated areas.

S 52 Not to be used over a large area for living rooms and lounges.

S 53 Avoid exposure - obtain special instructions before use. - For professional users only -.

S 56 Dispose of this product and its container as hazardous waste.

S 57 Use suitable container to avoid environmental contamination.

S 59 Ask the manufacturer / supplier for information on reuse / recycling.

S 60 This material and its container must be disposed of as hazardous waste.

S 61 Avoid release to the environment . Obtain special instructions / consult safety data sheet.

S 62 If swallowed do not induce vomiting. Get medical advice immediately and show the packaging or this label.

S 63 In the event of an accident by inhalation: remove the casualty to fresh air and keep him calm.

S 64 If swallowed, rinse mouth with water (only if the casualty is conscious).

The following S-phrases can be combined to get by with less text:

S 1/2 Keep locked up and out of the reach of children.
S 3/7 Keep container tightly closed and store in a cool place.
S 3/9/14 Keep in a cool, well-ventilated place away from ... (The substances with which contact must be avoided must be specified by the manufacturer)
S 3/9/14/49 Keep only in the original container in a cool, well-ventilated place away from ... (The substances with which contact must be avoided must be specified by the manufacturer)
S 3/9/49 Keep only in the original container in a cool, well-ventilated place.
S 3/14 Keep in a cool place away from ... (The substances with which contact must be avoided must be specified by the manufacturer)
S 7/8 Keep container tightly closed and dry.
S 7/9 Keep container tightly closed in a well-ventilated place.
S 7/47 Keep container tightly closed and not at temperatures above… ° C. (to be specified by the manufacturer)
S 20/21 Do not eat, drink or smoke while working.
S 24/25 Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
S 27/28 In case of contact with skin, remove soiled or soaked clothing immediately and wash skin immediately with plenty of ... (to be specified by the manufacturer)
S 29/35 Do not allow to reach sewage system; Waste and containers must be disposed of in a safe manner.
S 29/56 Do not allow to reach sewage system; this product and its container at hazardous or special waste out.
S 36/37 Wear suitable protective gloves and protective clothing when working.
S 36/37/39 Wear suitable protective clothing, protective gloves and eye / face protection when working.
S 36/39 Wear suitable protective clothing and eye / face protection when working.
S 37/39 Wear suitable protective gloves and eye / face protection when working.
S 47/49 Keep only in the original container at a temperature not exceeding… ° C. (to be specified by the manufacturer)

Notes on "Manufacturer"

Responsible for the identification and insertions (...) was the one who first time in the current packaging 'the goods within the EU market brought "- that might be or which the goods are brought dealers in its own packaging on the market also an importer.

Many manufacturers organized the insertions left open by the legislator for the description of specific measures (...) in independent subclasses, such as:

S 28.1: In case of contact with skin wash off immediately with plenty of water .

S 28.2: In case of contact with skin, wash off immediately with plenty of water and soap .

There were also other codings for this, such as B. S 28A, S 28 b. As an example, such pre-formulated sentences can be found in older catalogs from E. Merck Darmstadt .

Ultimately, the manufacturer can choose any suitable formulation here to fill the gap.

Since such sub-numbering with the associated texts were not legally standardized and the choice of these additions was expressly imposed on the manufacturer, they were not used in Wikipedia for hazardous substance labels.

The S-sentences 1 and 2

There was a special feature for S 1 and S 2 or S 1/2: This information was in brackets on the EU labeling (in Annex 1, RL 67/548 / EEC), e.g. B.

(1 / 2-) 7 / 8-33

These S-phrases should prevent hazards from improper use. Therefore, the associated texts did not have to be printed on the label if the dangerous substance was only supplied to a “professional user” - for example to a company or a self-employed craftsman . These texts were required, however, if the substance was sold to private end users (e.g. through shops / drug stores ) . The R and S numbers were usually also printed on the label; the numbers in brackets are intended to ensure that this information is not lost across all levels of trade. Because those who sold to end consumers had to re-label if necessary - including these texts.

These S-sentence numbers were also bracketed in Wikipedia.

In the case of substances with S-phrase 53 (sales ban to end users), the S-phrases 1 and 2 intended for this group of people were not allowed to be issued.

Web links

Individual evidence

↑ Directive 67/548 / EEC as a whole (Version 2006) ( Memento of the original from September 27, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2

↑ § 4 of the Ordinance on Hazardous Substances , version of November 26, 2010

↑ EU Official Journal L353 with Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council (GHS Regulation with all new regulations and labels) (PDF) .

↑ no. 4.2. to Appendix 1 to the AwSV

↑ Safety Phrases ( Memento of January 14, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) at the International Labor Organization .

Remarks

↑ ^a ^b On August 6, 2001, the ATP 28 removed the following S-phrases: 3/7/9, 3/9, 34, 44.

[1] Directive 67/548 / EEC as a whole (Version 2006) ( Memento of the original from September 27, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2

[2] § 4 of the Ordinance on Hazardous Substances , version of November 26, 2010

[3] EU Official Journal L353 with Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council (GHS Regulation with all new regulations and labels) (PDF) .

[4] . 4.2. to Appendix 1 to the AwSV

[6] Safety Phrases ( Memento of January 14, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) at the International Labor Organization .

[ATP_28-5] On August 6, 2001, the ATP 28 removed the following S-phrases: 3/7/9, 3/9, 34, 44.