Raphael Kühner

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Raphael Kühner (born March 22, 1802 in Gotha ; † April 16, 1878 in Hanover ) was a German classical philologist and grammar school teacher who achieved international importance, especially as a grammarian .

Teaching

Raphael Kühner grew up as the son of the Gotha court painter and head of the painting collection Johann Christian Kühner and studied classical philology in Göttingen from 1821 after attending the Illustre grammar school in Gotha . After studying and doing his doctorate , he first became a high school teacher at the Hanover Lyceum in 1825 . Later he was appointed its rector (deputy headmaster) before he was adopted into retirement in 1863. In addition, Kühner was a member of the Frankfurt Scholars' Association .

research

In addition to editions and translations of the writings of Cicero (including Tusculanae disputationes , Jena 1829) and Xenophons (including Anabasis , Gotha 1852), Kühner earned special merits in classical antiquity as a grammarian .

Detailed grammar of the Greek language

After compiling school grammars for Latin and Greek lessons , Kühner began creating elementary grammars for the ancient languages. In 1836 he published his comprehensive grammar of the Greek language, a standard work that is still in use today, which he divided into two sections: on the one hand, elementary, form and word theory, and, on the other hand, sentence theory (the syntax of the simple sentence and the syntax of the compound sentence ).

Kühner postulated a localistic case system, tracing the different cases back to old local adverbs. Accordingly, the first cases initially only described the relationships in space. Only in a later linguistic development did they also designate relationships in time and were ultimately also transferred to improper relationships (e.g. property).

Detailed grammar of the Latin language

During the last decades of his life, Kühner worked on a similarly structured and equally extensive grammar of Latin, which he initially conceived as a reference work for Latin teachers. As with the Greek grammar, he also focused here on the presentation of the actual use of the classical language, taking the traditional Roman literature between Plautus and Tacitus as the source for his references. He paid particular attention to the reliability of all Latin quotations. In 1878, during the correction work shortly before the publication of the second volume, Kühner died after a brief illness at the age of 77. His son Rudolf (1839–1902; senior high school teacher in Belgard in Pomerania, later high school professor in Berlin-Charlottenburg) completed the work and got the first edition the following year.

In succession to Kühner, four other classical philologists - Friedrich Blass , Bernhard Gerth , Friedrich Holzweissig and Carl Stegmann - edited and expanded the individual sections of his grammars, so that today the name Kühner plus that of the respective editor is synonymous with the work The following are used: Kühner-Blass (elementary and form theory of Greek), Kühner-Gerth (syntax of Greek), Kühner-Holzweissig (elementary and form theory of Latin) and Kühner-Stegmann (syntax of Latin).

Publications (selection)

  • Detailed grammar of the Greek language , 2 volumes, Hanover: Hahn 1834–1835; 2. Editing 1869–1871.
  • Elementary grammar of the Greek language , 29th edition, Hanover: Hahn 1877.
  • Detailed grammar of the Latin language , 2 vols., Hanover: Hahn 1877–1879.
  • Elementary grammar of the Latin language with Latin and German translation tasks and a collection of Latin readings together with the corresponding dictionaries , 50th edition, Hanover: Hahn 1919.
  • Brief school grammar of the Greek language for the lower and upper grammar school classes , 6th edition, Hanover: Hahn 1881.
  • Brief school grammar of the Latin language , 4th edition, Hanover: Hahn 1880.
  • Attempt a new arrangement of the Greek syntax , Hanover: Hahn 1829.
  • All anomalies of the Greek verb , Hanover: Hahn 1831.
  • Latin preschool , 18th edition, Hanover: Hahn 1842.
  • Instructions for translating from German into Latin , Hanover: Hahn 1842.
  • Instructions for translating from German and Latin into Greek , Hanover: Hahn 1846–1847.

literature

  • Georg Friedrich Grotefend : History of the Lyceum of the Royal Residence City of Hanover during the period from 1733 to 1833. Hanover 1833, p. 77 .
  • Heinrich Kaemmel:  Kühner, Raphael . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 17, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1883, p. 353 f.
  • Albert Rijksbaron et al. (Ed.): In the footsteps of Raphael Kühner. Proceedings of the International Colloquium in Commemoration of the 150th Anniversary of the Publication of Raphael Kühner's Detailed Grammar of the Greek Language, Part II: Syntaxes. Amsterdam, 1986. Gieben, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-70265-90-7 (conference proceedings on Kühner with his bibliography).
  • Andreas Fritsch : Kühner, Raphael. In: Peter Kuhlmann , Helmuth Schneider (Hrsg.): History of the ancient sciences. Biographical Lexicon (= The New Pauly . Supplements. Volume 6). Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 2012, ISBN 978-3-476-02033-8 , Sp. 675 f.

Web links

Wikisource: Raphael Kühner  - Sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Kühner (Rafael). In: General German Real Encyclopedia for the educated classes . Conversations Lexicon. 11th, revised, improved and increased edition. Vol. 9: Konradin to Mauer. Brockhaus, Leipzig 1866, p. 109 .
personal data
SURNAME Bold, Raphael
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German classical philologist
DATE OF BIRTH March 22, 1802
PLACE OF BIRTH Gotha
DATE OF DEATH April 16, 1878
Place of death Hanover