mange

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Coyote infected with mange
Street dog in Bali with demodicosis (hair follicle mites) in an advanced stage of the disease

As mange (from Middle High German rude / riude "mange, scabies ", skin disease with inflamed, oozing, sometimes crusty , painful erosions or excoriations; Latin scabies , 'roughness', 'scabies', from scaber , 'rough', 'shabby', from scabere , 'to scratch') denotes mite diseases in animals. In 104 mammal species , both wild animals and domestic animals , infestation and disease by mange mites ( Acariformes ) have been detected.

distribution

The animal disease is very contagious. As a zoonosis, it also occasionally affects humans: Most of these parasites can also attack humans as false hosts and cause "pseudo scabies ". The scabies in humans (scabies), however, is caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var. Hominis and is not a zoonotic disease but is transmitted from person to person. In Austria, the occurrence of mange in horses, donkeys, mules, mules, sheep and goats is notifiable. In Switzerland it is classified as an "epidemic to be controlled" in group 3 of the animal diseases.

Manifestations

Depending on the mite species and species causing the disease, mange is further subdivided:

The infection with hair follicle mites , which occurs mainly in dogs and much less often in other mammals, does not belong to the mange forms in the narrower sense.

treatment

Mange is treated in veterinary medicine with avermectins ( ivermectin , moxidectin , selamectin ) and locally applied washes ( amitraz ). Organic phosphoric acid esters ( phoxime ) are also still used in some cases. In dogs also is fluralaner effective.

In wild animal populations, treating individual affected animals is usually of little use. In the case of small, isolated and threatened populations, it can be worth catching, treating and releasing such animals. This has been successfully done with arctic foxes in northern Sweden.

Mange in wildlife

There is comparatively little literature on the impact of mange on wildlife, and the epidemiology of mange in wildlife populations is still largely unknown. It seems to be different for different regions of the world and different animal species.

Sarcoptes mange can be transmitted in wildlife through both direct and indirect contact. However, there is also evidence that the presence of Sarcoptes scabiei mites in wild animals is not necessarily associated with the occurrence of mange diseases, for example in foxes in Norway and wild boars in Switzerland.

Mange is particularly common among chamois ( chamois mange ) and foxes ( fox mange ). In the case of infested wild animals without a special protection status that are subject to hunting law, visibly seriously ill animals are shot down as far as possible ( hunting shot ).

In Yellowstone National Park , but also in Scandinavia, Germany and Poland, cases of mange have been found in wolves . In all countries in which the wolf is strictly protected (see legal protection ), shooting is not permitted without a special permit under species protection law.

The course of the disease and the effects of the disease are observed within the framework of wolf monitoring. Authors of a study from Scandinavia come to the conclusion that transmissions of Sarcoptes scabiei mites from wolf to wolf are unlikely there. Mange causes hair loss, depending on climatic conditions such as wind and temperature, in wolves as a result of the loss of body heat to a significantly higher energy requirement. On the one hand, this means that the animals cover shorter distances and, on the other hand, it influences their hunting behavior. Authors of a study on the impact of parasites on wolves in Yellowstone National Park found mange to be more prevalent where wolf density is higher and conclude that there is evidence that the parasite infestation is in regulation and control the population density plays a role. "There are more cases of mange when the population increases. The number of surviving puppies decreases as the (sick) population decreases. Many animals freeze to death due to the loss of fur" (cited by Elli Radinger in connection with wolves in Yellowstone).

See also

literature

  • Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna, Horst Zahner, Johannes Eckert, Peter Deplazes: Textbook of parasitology for veterinary medicine. 2012, ISBN 3830412053

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Jürgen Martin: The 'Ulmer Wundarznei'. Introduction - Text - Glossary on a monument to German specialist prose from the 15th century. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1991 (= Würzburg medical-historical research. Volume 52), ISBN 3-88479-801-4 (also medical dissertation Würzburg 1990), pp. 163 and 165.
  2. ↑ Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna p. 424.
  3. ^ DB Pence and E. Ueckermann: Sarcoptic mange in wildlife Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz., 2002, 21 (2), pages 385-398.
  4. ↑ Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna p. 430.
  5. ^ C. Romero et al .: Efficacy of fluralaner in 17 dogs with sarcoptic mange. In: Vet. Dermatol. Volume 27, Issue 5, 2016, pp. 353-e88.
  6. ↑ a b c Set Bornstein, Torsten Mörner, William M. Samuel: Sarcoptes scabiei and sarcoptic mange. Infectious diseases of wild mammals. In: William M. Samuel, Margo J. Pybus, A. Alan Kocan (Eds.): Parasitic Diseases of Wild Mammals. Iowa State University Press, Ames 2001 (2nd edition), p. 109.
  7. ↑ Morten Kraabøl, Vegard Gundersen, Kirstin Fangel, Kjetil Olstad: The taxonomy, life cycle and pathology of Sarcoptes scabiei and Notoedres cati (Acarina, Sarcoptidae): A review in a Fennoscandian wildlife perspective. In: Fauna norvegica. 35, 2015, p. 21, doi : 10.5324 / fn.v35i0.1652 .
  8. ↑ Rebecca K. Davidson, Set Bornstein, Kjell Handeland: Long-term study of Sarcoptes scabiei infection in Norwegian red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) indicating host / parasite adaptation. In: Veterinary Parasitology. 156, 2008, pp. 277–283, doi : 10.1016 / j.vetpar.2008.05.019 .
  9. ↑ Chloé Haas, Francesco C. Origgi u. a .: Serological survey in wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Switzerland and other European countries: Sarcoptes scabiei may be more widely distributed than previously thought. In: BMC Veterinary Research. 14, 2018, doi : 10.1186 / s12917-018-1430-3 .
  10. ^ A b Emily S. Almberg, Paul C. Cross, Andrew P. Dobson, Douglas W. Smith, Peter J. Hudson: Parasite invasion following host reintroduction: a case study of Yellowstone's wolves. In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 367, 2012, p. 2840, doi : 10.1098 / rstb.2011.0369 .
  11. ↑ a b Boris Fuchs, Barbara Zimmermann, Petter Wabakken, Set Bornstein, Johan Månsson, Alina L. Evans, Olof Liberg, Håkan Sand, Jonas Kindberg, Erik O. Ågren, Jon M. Arnemo: Sarcoptic mange in the Scandinavian wolf Canis lupus population. In: BMC Veterinary Research. 12, 2016, doi : 10.1186 / s12917-016-0780-y .
  12. ↑ Management plan for the wolf in Saxony . Version 3 - as of February 2014. p. 22
  13. ↑ Marta Kołodziej-Sobocińska, Andrzej Zalewski, Rafał Kowalczyk: Sarcoptic mange vulnerability in carnivores of the Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland: underlying determinant factors. In: Ecological Research. 2014, pp. 237-244 ( doi: 10.1007 / s11284-013-1118-x ).
  14. ↑ PC Cross, ES Almberg, CG Haase, PJ Hudson, SK Maloney, MC Metz, AJ Munn, P. Nugent, O. Putzeys, DR Stahler, AC Stewart, DW Smith: Energetic costs of mange in wolves estimated from infrared thermography. In: Ecology. 97, 2016, p. 1938, doi : 10.1890 / 15-1346.1 .
  15. ^ Elli Radinger: Mange in the wolf. How dangerous is it?