Relief (cartography)

Relief model of the resin

Two cartographers paint a relief of South America

Stone relief of the straightening of the Rhine

Relief model of the Tennessee River, with the Kentucky Dam in the foreground

Relief model of the German trenches in the northwest of Lens (September 1918)

Blind children feel a relief globe

As cartographic relief (including relief model or Geoplastik called) is in the mapping a full-scale, three-dimensional one part of the earth's surface with highlighting the-physical replica of the site referred to. Relief models are usually exaggerated so that the viewer can more easily perceive the characteristic surface shapes of the area shown.

use

Cartographic reliefs come e.g. B. used in school lessons.

Embossed relief representations made of plastic film can be found u. a. in tourism advertising, so that the guests can see the landscape (e.g. ski area with lifts ).

A special feature are reliefs of landscapes, which were particularly popular in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. Here - greatly reduced - landscapes are depicted in relief - i.e. spatially. Outstanding relief building artists in Switzerland were above all Xaver Imfeld and Eduard Imhof .

Cant

Exaggeration is the increase in the height scale compared to the length scale. The degree of elevation depends on the type of terrain and the scale of the relief model. Relief models of high mountain landscapes should not be exaggerated at all. For low mountain ranges, superelevation factors of 2 to 4 are common, for lowlands in exceptional cases up to a factor of 10.

Manufacturing

Today, relief models are mainly produced on the basis of digital terrain models with modern milling machines .

Alternatively, high numbers of reliefs can be produced by deep-drawing plastics.

history

The first currently known cartographic relief in Europe , which depicts the area around Kufstein in Austria , was made by the Austrian painter and cartographer Paul Dax in the first half of the 16th century. In China , however, this method of representation was known much earlier.

Largest cartographic reliefs

The largest landscape sculpture in Europe is located in Villach in Carinthia , Austria, where the whole of Carinthia was shown reduced to a scale of 1: 10,000 on a total area of ​​182 m². This sight was built in 1913 , but is still the largest landscape sculpture in Europe to this day.

Not far from the city of Yinchuan in China, a relief model was discovered with the help of the Google Earth software ( 38 ° 15 ′ 56.9 ″  N , 105 ° 57 ′ 2.3 ″  E ). The relief model, located in a military area, is 900 m long and 700 m wide. It shows the highland region of Aksai Chin, 2,400 km away, on the western edge of Tibet , northeast of Kashmir . Main article : Terrain model at Huangyangtan

Exhibition of reliefs

Switzerland

With more than 250 exhibits, the Swiss Alpine Museum in Bern has the world's largest collection of mountain reliefs.

Germany

The Kempten Alpine Museum in Kempten (Allgäu) and the Dresden Cartography Institute have large relief collections in Germany .

Well-known geoplastic artists

• Karl Wenschow (1884–1947): The process named after him created the basis for the industrial production of cartographic precision reliefs.
• Franz Ludwig Pfyffer (1716–1802)
• Karl Wilhelm Kummer (1785–1855)
• Franz Keil (1822–1876)
• Xaver Imfeld (1853–1909)
• Eduard Imhof (1895–1986)
• Joachim Eugen Müller (1752-1833)

literature

• Andreas Bürgi (Ed.): Europe Miniature. The cultural significance of the relief, 16. – 21. Century. = Il significato culturale dei rilievi plastici dal XVI al XXI secolo (= Studies on Alpine History. 4). Verlag Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Zurich 2007, ISBN 978-3-03823-256-8 .

swell

1. ↑ Deep drawing in general. (No longer available online.) Relief Display - Klaus Dommermühl KG, archived from the original on December 4, 2011 ; Retrieved August 25, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
2. ↑ Reinhard Habeck : Atlantis - The lost continent. Tosa, Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-85492-209-4 , pp. 62–63.
3. ↑ Google Earth Community on the relief model in China
4. ↑ Hermann Reinganum : About the graphic reliefs from KW Kummer in Berlin , in Allgemeine Schulzeitung , an archive [...], year 1830, Wilhelm Leske, Darmstadt, p. 297–304 digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D3FdLAAAAcAAJ~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3DPP159~ double-sided%3D~LT%3D~PUR%3D and KW Kummer's stereorama or relief from Montblanc Mountains and their immediate surroundings by Carl Ritter , Kummer-Globus in Dresden and Berlin , blurb for the exhibition “Carl Gustav Carus. Nature and Idea ”from June 26 to September 20, 2009, Staatl. Dresden Art Collections, PDF
5. ↑ Also "Eugen Müller von Engelberg" and "Eugen Müller zu Engelberg", Gerold Meyer von Knonau:  Müller, Joachim Eugen . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 22, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1885, pp. 562-564. Müller, Joachim Eugen. In: Sikart (status: 2015), accessed on December 16, 2017. Biographies on the cultural history of Switzerland , Second Cycle, Orell, Füssli, Zurich 1859, p. 235 (footnote, digitized version ) http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3Dce9LAAAAcAAJ~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3DPA235~ double-sided%3D~LT%3D~PUR%3D

Web links

Commons : Relief (cartography)  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Terrain models. Institute of Cartography and Geoinformation, ETH Zurich, accessed on November 1, 2017 (English). 
• Carinthia relief. Retrieved November 1, 2017 . 
• ( Page no longer available , search in web archives: Swiss Alpine Museum in Bern with the world's largest collection of reliefs ) The Swiss Alpine Museum financially