Right to know

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Right to know in the context of US labor and environmental law is the legal principle that individuals have the right to know the chemicals they may be exposed to in everyday life. It is anchored in federal laws in the United States and in laws in several US states, as the corresponding reporting requirement for the person who caused an emission .

The concept of a “right to know” is one of the food for thought Rachel Carson gave in her book The Silent Spring .

The labor law governs the legal relationship between employers and employees, in this context, the threshold limit value . The environmental law is decisive for all other emissions in this context, the technical instructions for keeping the air clean , Federal Immission Control Act .

Environmental diseases

Environmental diseases have the same characteristics as subepidemic diseases. Examples of symptoms of cyanide exposure are weakness, headache, nausea, confusion, dizziness, seizures, cardiac arrest, and loss of consciousness. Cyanide is one of the most toxic substances known, and failure to obtain proper disclosure can result in improper or ineffective medical diagnosis and treatment. This can lead to prolonged illness and death. Failure to properly disclose as required by doctors will result in improper, ineffective, or delayed medical diagnosis and treatment of environmental diseases caused by exposure to hazardous substances and radiation.

International Day for Universal Access to Information

The International Day for Universal Access to Information (UDUAI) was proclaimed on October 15, 2019 at the 74th General Assembly of the United Nations on September 28.

Australia

The Product Emissions Standards Act 2017 sanctions instead of an obligation to publish information on emissions, a right of the approving authority to publish information.

Insofar as information obligations are legally prescribed by the executive, these are provided by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities . A Hazardous Substances Information System is also maintained.

Safe Work Australia , an Australian legal entity that was founded in 2008 to develop national guidelines on work health and safety and employee compensation, provides information on information requirements on hazards in the workplace .

Canada

The trade union confederation, Canadian Labor Congress, provides information on the scope of labor law in Canada. Labor law is an exclusive right in Canada. The National Office of WHMIS of Health Canada maintains the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System . The Ministery of Environment and Climate Change provides information on the extent to which information requirements regarding emissions are required by law.

Europe

Europe consists of 50 states, each with its own environmental law .

For the states of the European Union , the European Commission recognizes the right to know about environmental dangers. It offers central access to extensive information on individual supervisory authorities and laws.

The European Commission's Environment Directorate and the European Environment Agency provide media services on this information.

European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register EPER

The EPER decision is based on Article 15 (3) of Council Directive 96/61 / EC on integrated pollution prevention and control. EPER is a web-based registry that enables the public to view data on emissions of 50 major pollutants from large and medium-sized industrial point sources in the European Union to water and air. The register is hosted by the European Environment Agency. The main goal of EPER is to fulfill the public's right to be informed of the release of pollutants in their neighborhood. In addition, emission data is provided for individuals at national or European level. According to the EPER decision, Member States have to report every three years. The first reporting year was 2001 (published in 2004) and covered 9,400 institutions in EU15, Hungary and Norway. Since 2004 is the second reporting year, the register now includes emissions to water and air from around 12,000 installations in the EU25 and Norway (published in 2006).
Geographic coverage for 2001: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, Norway
Geographic coverage for 2004: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, Norway.

United States

Toxic substances used in the work area must be reported to workers in accordance with the laws administered by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration .

There is an obligation to report the use of dangerous substances outside of buildings. The Environmental Protection Agency and the Bureau of Land Management will receive the report if the deployment takes place in the immediate federal territory . By making use of the Freedom of Information Act , the right to be informed about the knowledge of the anthropogenic substances affecting an individual can be enforced.

The United States Department of Defense is self-regulatory, meaning it is not subject to any state or federal laws relating to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration or the Environmental Protection Agency .

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

Occupational health and safety in the United States is governed by the Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSH Act).

The United States Department of Labor's Occupational Safety and Health Administration is responsible for drafting and enforcing occupational safety regulations.

The United States Department of Transportation is engaged in transportation safety and the maintenance of the hazardous materials list under the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act .

The Environmental Protection Agency maintains a system for labeling hazardous substances in order to convey the type of material and the hazard.

Environmental Protection Agency

Protecting health from environmental degradation and safety outside of the workplace is governed by the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) , established by the Environmental Protection Agency and various state and local Authorities is applied.

State and local authorities maintain epidemiological information that physicians need to assess environmental diseases.

Air quality information must be provided by pest control authorities in accordance with the licensing requirements of the labor protection standard when a restricted pesticide is applied.

Worker Protection Standard

The use of Restricted Use Products (RUP) in crop protection is regulated by the Worker Protection Standard Act , which is administered by the Environmental Protection Agency . Otherwise, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration is responsible for employees .

Restricted Use Products (RUP) Report

In the Restricted Use Products (RUP) Report , the Environmental Protection Agency reports on pesticides with restricted use.

In addition, public law identifies certain environmental pollutants that extend to all dangerous substances, even if the product is not classified as a restricted pesticide by the EPA. For example, include cyfluthrin , cypermethrin ( Cynoff® Cybush® and Demon® ), one of the most toxic substances known, but some of the products that contain these chemicals can not be identified as pesticides with reduced use may.

Title 42 United States Code Section 7412 gives the list of environmental pollutants

Some specific chemicals, such as cyanate, cyanide, cyano and nitrile compounds, meet the specific definition of danger set out in public law, regardless of whether the product is on the EU restricted list of pesticides or not United States Department of Environmental Protection.

Failure to comply with proper disclosure required by doctors will result in improper, ineffective, or delayed medical diagnosis and treatment of environmental diseases caused by exposure to hazardous materials and radiation.

United States Department of Transportation

The United States Department of Transportation's Library Pipeline and Hazardous Material Safety Administration (PHMSA) maintains the list of hazardous materials .

Hazardous substances that are not produced at the location of the de- loading are often transported by motor vehicle. The safety of the public transportation system is enforced by the United States Department of Transportation.

The United States Department of Transportation regulates hazardous material labeling.

In addition, the requirements of other federal agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration apply .

The United States Department of Transportation is responsible for enforcing and publicly announcing hazardous chemical releases and exposures, including incidents involving federal employees.

The United States Department of Transportation requires that buildings and vehicles containing hazardous substances be identified by signs that use code numbers to inform about hazards. Hazardous Materials Transportation Act Matching labels should be sorted by class number first.

United States Department of Energy

The safety guidelines for employees in the field of energy supply z. B. Miners are cared for by the United States Department of Energy .

United States Department of Defense

The US Department of Defense entered a budget of around 716 billion dollars in 2019 (735 billion US dollars in 2020) Both the legal relationships between employees and employers as well as the relationships between issuer and exposed are regulated by executive orders . The applicability of paragraphs from this special canon of law is presented in the novel Catch-22 for the sake of recognition.

The United States Department of Defense manages environmental safety independently from the Occupational Safety and Environmental Protection Agency . Spills, mishaps, illnesses, and injuries are typically not treated in accordance with local, state, and federal laws.

Failure to follow the official channels for illegal activities under a military command is regarded as dereliction of duty ( misconduct ), which according to the Uniform Code of Military Justice is honored (Military Justice).

Those with information on environmental crimes and those with environmental violations involving the military should familiarize themselves with the subject of Whistleblower protection in the United States Whistleblowers in the United States . Government employees, government contractors, and military officials often lack the training, education, permits, and experience necessary to understand legal requirements related to environmental safety. Promotions and contractor selection within the military typically do not require any special knowledge to understand legal requirements.

For this reason, certain rules are documented in regulations and guidelines that must be written in simple language so that they can be understood by people with literacy skills in 4th grade.

Laws are enforced by the commanding officer in military organizations. The commanding officer usually has the ability to read and understand written requirements. A flag officer will be tried by court-martial for violating any law or government policy or activity outside the scope of mission orders and rules of engagement. It is the responsibility of each commanding officer to write and maintain guidelines that are simple enough for anyone to understand on their behalf. Each commanding officer is responsible for ensuring that the documents relevant to command are made available to each person in command (civilians, military personnel and contractors). The commanding officer is responsible for disciplinary action and disclosure of information when guidelines within his or her command are violated.

The commanding officer shares responsibility for crimes that are not punished (misconduct).

Military agencies operate independently of law enforcement, justice, and common law. Similar exemptions exist for some government agencies.

Possible crimes are being investigated by the military police.

For example, the serving Investigations Manual of Naval Inspector General the criminal for carrying out investigations is used as a policy document.

Because military law enforcement is conducted without independent civilian oversight, there is an inherent conflict of interest. Information and disclosures are obtained at the request of the Freedom of Information Act and not through disclosures related to the EPA and OSHA, which have the skills necessary to provide training, certification, disclosure and enforcement. This prevents doctors from getting the information needed to diagnose and treat environmental diseases, so the root cause of environmental diseases usually remains permanently unknown. The Department of Defense provides a Freedom of Information Act Requester Service Center . As a partisan arbitration distance if a disease diagnosis for the root cause of an illness lasts longer than 30 days.

As far as the civil law enforcement institutions are incompetent and the superiors are incapable, the witnesses of environmental crimes are advised for their own protection about the legal consequences for themselves at an institution you trust:

to get advice.

US federal, state, local, foreign, and contractual agreements may not apply.

Guidelines are set by executive orders and not by elected legislators, which is inconsistent with the principle of separation of powers . The only remedy available to appeal is the: United States House of Representatives , United States Senate , United States District Court, or any of the United States federal courts .

The following Executive Orders set the US Department of Defense's environmental policy requirements for government organizations in the US executive branch.

  • Executive Order 12114 - Environmental Effects Abroad of Major Federal Actions.
  • Executive Order 12196 - Occupational safety and health programs for Federal employees.
  • Executive Order 12291 - Regulatory planning process.
  • Executive Order 12344 - Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program.
  • Executive Order 12898 - Federal Actions To Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations.
  • Executive Order 12958 - Classified National Security Information.
  • Executive Order 12960 - Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial.
  • Executive Order 12961 - Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses.
  • Executive Order 13101 - Greening the Government Through Waste Prevention, Recycling, and Federal Acquisition
  • Executive Order 13148 - Greening the Government Through Leadership in Environmental Management.
  • Executive Order 13151 - Global Disaster Information Network.
  • Executive Order 13388 - Further Strengthening the Sharing of Terrorism Information to Protect American.
  • Executive Order 12656 - Assignment of emergency preparedness responsibilities.
  • Strengthening Federal Environmental, Energy, and Transportation Management.
  • Executive Order 13526 - Classified National Security Information Memorandum.

The following documents released for publication provide additional information about projects administered by the United States Department of Defense regime :

  • DoD Directive 3150.08 - DoD Response to Nuclear and Radiological Incidents.
  • DoD Electromagnetic Environmental Effects (E3)
  • DoD Directive 4715.1 - Environment, Safety, and Occupational Health (ESOH).
  • DoD Directive 4715.3 - Environmental Conservation Program.
  • DoD Directive 4715.5 - Management of Environmental Compliance at Overseas Installations
  • DoD Directive 4715.8 - Environmental Remediation for DoD Activities Overseas.
  • DoD Directive 4715.11 - Environmental and Explosives Safety Management on Operational Ranges Within the United States
  • DoD Directive 4715.12 - Environmental and Explosives Safety Management on Operational Ranges Outside the United States.
  • DoD Directive 6050.07 - Environmental Effects Abroad of Major Department of Defense Actions.

Available information

Persons placing dangerous products on the market should these products bear a label and Material Safety Data Sheet ( Safety supply) with. For example, product label requirements are described in the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act . This will at least require information on the chemical composition of the product, instructions for safe use of the product and contact information for the manufacturer of the product.

A Material Safety Data Sheet ( Safety ) is under Title 29: Labor PART 1910-SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS Subpart OCCUPATIONAL Z-Toxic and Hazardous Substances by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration required for hazardous materials to communicate health and safety risks. Employee Workplace Rights , overview of employee rights is available from OSHA.

The right to information on the chemical composition of products must often be actively demanded. The following sources of information can be found in the workplace or in state or federal agencies responsible for the workplace:

  • Documentation of work accidents and illnesses that employers have to deal with.
  • Industrial accident investigation reports.
  • Application forms and documents for employee compensation claims.
  • Safety Data Sheets (SDS) and labels for hazardous chemicals that are used or present in the workplace.
  • Chemical inventories in accordance with federal and state regulations.
  • Records of monitoring and measuring workers' exposure to chemicals, noise, radiation or other hazards.
  • Occupational safety reports, regardless of whether they were prepared by a safety committee, employer's safety and health personnel, OR-OSHA insurance carriers, fire departments or other external agencies.
  • Occupational safety analysis, including ergonomic evaluations of workplaces or workplaces.
  • Medical records or studies or evaluations by employees based on these records.
  • OSHA standards and the background data on which they are based.

Hazard Communication (HazCom 2012)

Since 1985, the Hazard Communication Standard has required employers in the USA to disclose toxic and dangerous substances to employees in the workplace as part of occupational safety.

As part of occupational safety, the workers concerned must be instructed about the specific dangers. Employers must provide instruction in a language that employees understand. The employee must be instructed in their work area when using them for the first time and whenever a new hazard is introduced. The purpose of this is that workers understand the hazards they are exposed to and that they are aware of the protective measures that should be taken. When OSHA conducts an inspection, the inspector assesses the effectiveness of the training by reviewing records of the training conducted and interviewing staff who use chemicals to assess the effectiveness of the training.

The United States Department of Transportation and the United States Department of Homeland Security regulate the transport of dangerous goods within the United States by "Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations ". A set of rules first published in 1938 as Transportation and Railroads .

dangerous goods

Hazardous goods Manufacturers and importers of chemicals must assess the hazards of the chemicals they manufacture and import and pass this information on to transport workers and buyers using labels and Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs). Employers whose employees may be exposed to hazardous chemicals at work must provide those employees with information about hazardous chemicals through safety data sheets , properly labeled containers, training, and a written hazard communication program. According to this standard, the employer must also keep a list of all hazardous chemicals used in the workplace. The safety data sheets for these chemicals must be kept up to date and made available to employees in their work areas.

Chemicals that may pose a health hazard or pose a physical hazard (e.g. fire or explosion) are covered. The list of chemicals classified as dangerous is kept according to use or intended purpose. There are several sources that manufacturers and employers can consult. This includes:

California

The California Air Resources Board publishes hazards from unprotected breathing of atmospheric air in California. California is divided into 35 Air Pollution Control Districts including Air Quality Management Districts . Geographically referenced air quality planning, monitoring and the approval of stationary sources and facilities is managed. The districts manage funding programs to improve air quality and are CARB's primary partners in ensuring that all Californians breathe clean air. Disclosure of pesticide use is made by the County Agricultural Commission's Pest Control Officer . The use of pesticides is publicly documented on the California Pesticide Information Portal .

Oregon Community Right to Know Act

The scope of the legal principle Right to Know in the state of Oregon is specified in the Oregon Community Right to Know Act (ORS 453.307-372) . The Oregon Office of the State Fire Marshal maintains a public database of accidents involving hazardous substances.

In Oregon, the right to information corresponds to a company reporting obligation:

  • Inventory of the quantities and types of hazardous substances stored.
  • Annual emissions of toxic chemicals, with undisturbed operation.
  • Incident reports in the event of an unplanned release of certain chemicals that are listed by the Environmental Protection Agency .

Contaminated sites

  • Superfund also known as Federal Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) Title III is a federal act (United States) that changed the Superfund program and added the right to know .

Hazardous Chemicals Labeling Requirements

Any container that contains a hazardous chemical must be labeled by the manufacturer or distributor before it is placed on the market. There is no single standard format for labels. Each product must be labeled according to the specific nature of the hazard.

The labeling of pesticides and fungicides is subject to the regulations of the Environmental Protection Agency .

  • The identity of the dangerous chemical (s) by common or chemical name.
  • Appropriate hazard warnings.
  • Name and address of the manufacturer, distributor or responsible party.
  • Instructions for use for the product

Employers must inform their employees about:

  • The requirements of the hazard communication rules.
  • The processes in your work area in which hazardous substances are present.
  • The location of the written hazard communication program, the list of hazardous chemicals, and the safety data sheets for the chemicals you will be exposed to.

In addition, these points must be covered in the safety briefing:

  • Methods for detecting hazardous chemicals.
  • Physical and health hazards of the chemicals.
  • Protective measures, including work procedures, ventilation, personal protective equipment and emergency procedures.
  • Reading and understanding labels and safety data sheets.
  • The dangers of non-routine tasks such as cleaning tanks or other containers, or breaking lines that contain chemicals.

Safety data sheet

The current requirements of the Safety Data Sheet (SDS safety data ) are determined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration maintained.

The safety data sheet contains the following information.

  1. Product identity and ingredients by chemical or common name.
  2. Physical and chemical properties.
  3. Physical hazards such as fire and explosion.
  4. Health Risks, Including Symptoms.
  5. Primary routes of entry for the chemical into the body.
  6. Legal exposure limits (OSHA and other recommended limits).
  7. Whether the chemical can cause cancer.
  8. Precautions for safe handling and use.
  9. Control measures, including ventilation, personal protective equipment, etc.
  10. Emergency and first aid measures.
  11. The date on which the safety data sheet was created.
  12. Name, address and telephone number of the manufacturer.
  13. Regulatory agencies, such as the Environmental Protection Agency's Title III of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) rules

Chemical manufacturers can legally deny the specific chemical identity of a material from the safety data sheet and label in the case of confidential trade secrets. In such cases, the following rules apply:

  • The safety data sheet must indicate that business secrets are withheld.
  • The safety data sheet must disclose information on the properties and effects of the hazardous chemical, even if the actual chemical identity is not known.
  • The trade secret information must be shared with a doctor or nurse in the event of a medical emergency.
  • In non-emergency cases, healthcare professionals can be given a secret chemical identity if they can demonstrate they need it for health protection purposes and if they sign a confidentiality agreement.

Exposure documentation

The Hazard Communication standard stipulates that chemical information must be passed on to employees who work with dangerous substances. Worker exposure records can provide information about whether a worker is actually exposed to a chemical or physical hazard and how much exposure he or she has been exposed to. Occupational Safety and Health regulations sanction access rights to these records, such as exposure logs and workers' medical records.

This information is usually the product of some type of monitoring or measurement for:

  • Dusts, vapors or gases in the air.
  • Absorption of a chemical into the body, e.g. B. Blood Lead Levels.
  • Noise pollution.
  • Radiation exposure.
  • Spores, fungi, or other biological contaminants.

Employees and their designated representatives have the right, in accordance with Oregon Occupational Safety and Health Division regulations , to view or copy exposure records in their employer's possession. This right applies not only to records of an employee's own exposure to chemical, physical or biological agents, but also to records of the exposure of other employees whose working conditions are similar to those of the employee. Union representatives have the right to see records of all areas of work in which the union represents workers.

In addition to viewing the results, employees and their representatives also have the right to observe the actual measurement of exposure to hazardous chemicals or noise.

Exposure records, which are part of an OR-OSHA inspection file, are also available to employees and union representatives. In fact, with the exception of certain confidential information, these files will be available to the public after the review is legally completed.

Medical record

Many employers keep medical records. These can be medical questionnaires, results of physical exams before starting work, results of blood tests, or more detailed records of ongoing diagnosis or treatment (e.g. any biological monitoring not defined as records of employee exposure). The Occupational Safety and Health Administration provides information on workers' access rights to these records.

Patient files are much more personal than exposure files or accident reports, so the rules on confidentiality and access to them are stricter. There is not much employee medical information in employee medical records due to this additional check. A good rule of thumb is that if the information is kept separate from the employer's medical program, it is likely to be inaccessible.

Examples of separately maintained medical information include records of voluntary employee assistance programs (alcohol, drug, or personal counseling programs), medical records of health insurance claims, or records created solely to prepare for litigation.

These records are often kept on-site when a doctor or nurse is on-site. They can also be on the files of a doctor, clinic or hospital with which the employer has a medical service contract.

An employee has access to their own medical record (29 CFR 1910.1020). An individual employee can also sign a written statement authorizing a designated representative (e.g. a union representative) to have access to their medical records. The latter can happen when the union, or a doctor or other researcher working for the union or employer, needs medical information about an entire group of workers in order to document a health problem. Certain sensitive information can be deleted from the employee record before it is released.

experience

Commitments to greater transparency in relation to hazardous substances are written in blood. Initiatives to increase the availability of information came from events that killed many people and infected others with toxins, such as the December 1984 Bhopal disaster in India. In 1986 the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act , introduced by California Democrat Henry Waxman , was passed. This law was the first official step to inform people about pollutants in their area of ​​life. The law requires industrial facilities in the United States to disclose information about their annual releases of toxic chemicals. This collected data is made available by the Environmental Protection Agency in the publicly accessible Toxics Release Inventory (TRI). This law published annual emissions of individual pollutants.

Toxic 100 Index

The Environmental Protection Agency is tasked with implementing the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 .

The Corporate Toxics Information Project of the Political Economy Research Institute (PERI) of the University of Massachusetts Amherst has been determining the Toxic 100 Index since the data generation of 2005 . The rank of the Toxic Score or RSEI Score is the product of Emissions x Toxicity Weight x Population Exposure.

  • RSEI Hazard = weight of the emitted substance x toxic weighting of the substance
  • RSEI Score = RSEI Hazard * population / distance from population center² ( distance law )
  • RSEI Hazard = pounds released x toxicity
  • RSEI Score = RSEI Hazard x population exposure

The factors are: Emissions from the Toxics Release Inventory

The Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) is maintained by the Environmental Protection Agency under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act 1986. It gives the weight (in pounds) of each approximately 600 toxic chemicals being released into the environment by large industrial plants in the United States. Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators (RSEI) Model RSEI Scores

Toxicity weight

The EPA has developed the Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators Model (RSEI) to enable quantitative assessment based on the Toxics Release Inventory . The EPA provides additional information to assess the potential hazard to human health from toxic releases:

  • toxicity weight Toxicity, or how dangerous the chemical is per pound

The EPA assigns a toxicity weight to each chemical , which is the relative toxicity of the chemical per pound or per unit of concentration. While all TRI chemicals are dangerous, their toxicities vary widely. For example, the toxicity weight for ingesting chemical zinc is about 3, while the toxicity weight for ingesting mercury is 10,000. The consumption of mercury is approximately 3,000 times more harmful than the consumption of an equal amount of zinc. The chemicals reported in the Toxics Release Inventory vary in their oral toxicity weights by ten orders of magnitude (from 0.02 for sulfuric acid to 1,400,000,000 for dioxin). The vast differences in toxicity limit the usefulness of comparisons based on the simple mass (pounds) of chemicals released. By multiplying the mass of each toxic release by its toxicity weight, EPA can compare the toxic significance of releases of different chemicals.

The EPA's toxicity weighting system is based on peer-reviewed toxicity databases , including the EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), the Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) reference reports, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry of the Department of Health and Social Services United States , the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) of the California Environmental Protection Agency, and the Health Effects Assessment Tables (HEAST) of the EPA.

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Rachel Carson , Silent Spring, [1] , 1962, Houghton Mifflin, 13 , 278; Carson took her chapter heading and context from the French biologist and philosopher Jean Rostand 's famous thought,' the obligation to endure gives us the right to know'- John F. Kennedy responded to the challenge posed by Carson by investigating DDT , eventually leading to its complete ban in the United States. [2]
  2. ^ Pesticide User's Guide . Ohio State University. Archived from the original on September 1, 2011.
  3. ^ The Facts About Cyanides . New York Department of Health.
  4. ↑ Product Emissions Standards Act 2017, No. 104, 2017, An Act to improve air quality by regulating emissions from certain products, and for related purposes ... 42 Publication of information relating to certifications and exemptions [3]
  5. ↑ Right to know regarding environmental hazard information is protected by Australian law, which is described at the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities . Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities . Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Archived from the original on March 25, 2007.
  6. ^ Hazardous Substances Information System . Hazardous Substances Information System . Hazardous Substances Information System. Archived from the original on September 5, 2011.
  7. ^ Safe Work Australia . Safe Work Australia.
  8. ^ Canadian Labor Congress , [4] ; Health & Safety, Workplace dangers (Right to know about work place dangers), [5]
  9. ^ Canadian Labor Congress , [6]
  10. ↑ Canadian Ministery of Environment and Climate Change , Emissions of harmful substances to air, [7]
  11. ↑ European Environment Agency , European Commission; Environment . European Commission .; European Commission European Environment Agency (EEA) . European Commission.
  12. ↑ The EPER Decision is based on Article 15 (3) of Council Directive 96/61 / EC concerning integrated pollution prevention and control. EPER is a web-based register, which enables the public to view data on emissions to water and air of 50 key pollutants from large and medium-sized industrial point sources in the European Union. The register is hosted by the European Environment Agency. The main objective of EPER is to fulfill the publics right to know about the releases of pollutants in their neighborhood. In addition, it gives people emissions data on a national or European scale. According to the EPER Decision, Member States have to report every three years. The first reporting year was 2001 (published in 2004) and covered 9,400 facilities in EU15, Hungary, and Norway. With 2004 being the second reporting year, the register now includes emissions to water and air of approximately 12,000 facilities in EU25 and Norway (published in 2006).
    Geographical coverage for year 2001: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, Norway
    Geographical coverage for year 2004: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, Norway, European Environment Agency , [8] European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register EPER , "/
  13. ^ European Agency for Health and Safety at Work , European Agency for Health and Safety at Work . European Commission.
  14. ^ Hazard Communication Standard . United States Department of Labor.
  15. ↑ 29 CFR 1910.1200; Hazard Communication . United States Department of Labor.
  16. ↑ 29 CFR Parts 1910, 1915, 1917, 1918, 1926, and 1928; Final Rules . United States Department of Labor.
  17. ^ State Environmental Protection Agency , State Environmental Protection Agency, State Environmental Protection Agency . United States Environmental Protection Agency. Bureau of Land Management Community Education and Outreach . Bureau of Land Management.
  18. ↑ Hazard Classes and Divisions with Example Materials [9]
  19. ^ State Occupational Safety and Health Plans . Occupational Health and Safety Administration.
  20. ↑ Learn about Your Right to Know . United States Environmental Protection Agency.
  21. ↑ Air quality information must be provided by pest control supervisors under license requirements established by the Worker Protection Standard when restricted use pesticide is applied. The Worker Protection Standard (WPS) is an EPA law designed to protect workers from pesticide poisoning and injury. [10]
  22. ↑ a b Restricted Use Products (RUP) Report . Environmental Protection Agency .
  23. ↑ Title 42 USC Section 7412 identifies the list of environmental pollutants. Title 42 USC Section 7412. . Cornell School of Law.
  24. ↑ Title 42 USC Section 7413th . Cornell School of Law.
  25. ^ Library Pipeline and Hazardous Material Safety Administration within the Department of Transportation, [11] [12] Library . Pipeline and Hazardous Material Safety Administration; Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on February 16, 2012.
  26. ↑ Safety and Security . Department of Transportation.
  27. ^ How to Comply with Federal Hazardous Materials Regulations . Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Department of Transportation.
  28. ↑ Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration , Department of DOT: How to Comply with Federal Hazardous Materials Regulations [13]
  29. ^ Departmental Directives . Department of Energy.
  30. ↑ '' Time '', August 14, 2018 Donald Trump signed defense budget, [14]
  31. ^ Naval Inspector General; Investigations Manual . Office of the Inspector General, US Department of the Navy.
  32. ^ Office of the Secretary of Defense and Joint Staff; Freedom of Information Act Requester Service Center, [15] Office of the Secretary of Defense and Joint Staff; Freedom of Information Act Requester Service Center . Department of Defense.
  33. ↑ Field Offices; Equal Employment Opportunity Commission . Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
  34. ^ DoD IG Hotline . Office of the Inspector General, US Department of Defense.
  35. ↑ United States Federal Courts . United States Federal Courts.
  36. ↑ Executive Order 12114 - Environmental effects abroad of major Federal action . United States Government Archives.
  37. ^ Executive Order 12196 - Occupational safety and health programs for Federal employees . United States Government Archives.
  38. ↑ Executive Order 12291 - Regulatory planning process . United States Government Archives.
  39. ↑ Executive Order 12344 - Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program . United States Government Archives.
  40. ↑ Executive Order 12898 - Federal Actions To Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations . United States Government Archives.
  41. ^ Executive Order 12958 - Classified National Security Information . United States Government Printing Office.
  42. ↑ Executive Order 12960 - Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial . United States Government Archives.
  43. ^ Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses . United States Government Printing Office.
  44. ↑ Executive Order 13101 - Greening the Government Through Waste Prevention, Recycling, and Federal Acquisition . United States Government Printing Office.
  45. ↑ Executive Order 13148 - Greening the Government Through Leadership in Environmental Management . United States Government Printing Office.
  46. ^ Executive Order 13151 - Global Disaster Information Network . United States Government Printing Office.
  47. ↑ Executive Order 13388 - Further Strengthening the Sharing of Terrorism Information to Protect American . United States Government Printing Office.
  48. ↑ Executive Order 12656 - Assignment of emergency preparedness responsibilities . United States Government Archives.
  49. ↑ Executive Order 13423 - Strengthening Federal Environmental, Energy, and Transportation Management . United States Government Printing Office.
  50. ^ Executive Order 13526 - Classified National Security Information Memorandum . United States Government Archives.
  51. ↑ DoD Directive 3150.08 - DoD Response to Nuclear and Radiological Incident . Department of Defense Technical Information Center .
  52. ↑ DoD Directive 3222.3 - DoD Electromagnetic Environmental Effects (E3) . Department of Defense Technical Information Center.
  53. ↑ DoD Directive 4715.1 - Environment, Safety, and Occupational Health (ESOH) . Department of Defense Technical Information Center.
  54. ↑ DoD Directive 4715.3 - Environmental Conservation Program . Department of Defense Technical Information Center.
  55. ↑ DoD Directive 4715.5 - Management of Environmental Compliance at Overseas Installations . Department of Defense Technical Information Center.
  56. ↑ DoD Directive 4715.8 - Environmental Remediation for DoD Activities Overseas . Department of Defense Technical Information Center.
  57. ↑ DoD Directive 4715.11 - Environmental and Explosives Safety Management on Operational Ranges Within the United States . Department of Defense Technical Information Center.
  58. ↑ DoD Directive 4715.12 - Environmental and Explosives Safety Management on Operational Ranges Outside the United States . Department of Defense Technical Information Center.
  59. ↑ DoD Directive 6050.07 - Environmental Effects Abroad of Major Department of Defense Actions . Department of Defense Technical Information Center.
  60. ↑ Title 40 CFR - Protection of Environment (parts 150 to 189) CHAPTER I - ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY . United States Government Printing Office.
  61. ↑ Title 29: Labor PART 1910 — OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS (CONTINUED) Subpart Z — Toxic and Hazardous Substances . United States Government Printing Office.
  62. ^ Employee Workplace Rights . Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
  63. ↑ Access to employee exposure and medical records . Occupational Health and Safety Administration.
  64. ^ Federal Workers Compensation . United States Department of Labor.
  65. ^ State Workers Compensation . United States Department of Labor.
  66. ^ Sick Building Syndrome . Environmental Protection Agency.
  67. ↑ Refer to 29 CFR 1910.1200, HazCom (29 CFR1910.1200); Toxic and Hazardous Substances; Hazard Communication . United States Department of Labor; Occupational Health and Safety Administration.
  68. ↑ 49 FR . United States Department of Transportation . Archived from the original on May 19, 2008.
  69. ↑ osha, An employee's exposure to any substance listed in Tables Z-1, Z-2, or Z-3 of this section shall be limited in accordance with the requirements of the following paragraphs of this section., [16] Regulatory Information by Topic: Air, Under the Clean Air Act (CAA), EPA sets limits on certain air pollutants, including setting limits on how much can be in the air anywhere in the United States. The Clean Air Act also gives EPA the authority to limit emissions of air pollutants coming from sources like chemical plants, utilities, and steel mills. [17]
  70. ^ California Local Air District Directory . California.
  71. ^ County Agricultural Commissioner Resources . California Department of Pesticide Regulation. Archived from the original on March 6, 2012.
  72. ^ California Pesticide Information Portal . California.
  73. ^ Oregon Office of State Fire Marshal, Community Right-to-Know (CR2K), Hazardous Substance Incident Search, (Database updated monthly), [18]
  74. ^ Label Review Manual - Table of Contents . Environmental Protection Agency.
  75. ↑ Occupational Safety and Health Administration , Safety Data Sheet (SDS), [19]
  76. ↑ 29 CFR 1910.1020: Access to Medical and Exposure Records
  77. ↑ a b Toxic and Hazardous Substances; Access to employee exposure and medical records . OSHA.
  78. ^ Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations that establish access rights to these records are found in 29 CFR 1910.1020: Access to Medical and Exposure Records
  79. ↑ Toxic 100 Air Polluters Index (2018 Report, Based on 2015 Data), [20]
  80. ↑ Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators (RSEI) Model, [21] ; Understanding RSEI Results, [22] ; Toxic 100 Water Polluters Technical Notes (2019 Report based on 2017 data), TRI and RSEI Data, [23]

Remarks

  1. ↑ "Environmental diseases" denote various disorders for which anthropogenic physical-chemical environmental influences are held responsible. Diseases whose cause is caused by exposure to a substance in the environment can be differentiated by statistical studies from diseases in which this cause cannot be proven.
  2. ↑ The National Toxicology Program (NTP) is an interagency program of the US Department of Health for the coordination, evaluation, and reporting of toxicology in public institutions.
  3. ↑ The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH®) is a professional association of industrial hygienists and practitioners of related professions based in Cincinnati, Ohio. One of its goals is to promote the protection of workers through timely, objective and scientific information for professionals in the field of occupational and environmental health.
  4. ↑ Superfund : The federal superfund program based on the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) and administered by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is intended to investigate and clean contaminated (suspected) sites that are contaminated with dangerous substances. Sites managed under this program are known as "Superfund" sites. There are 40,000 federal superfund locations nationwide, of which approximately 1,600 are on the National Priorities List (NPL). Sites on the NPL are considered to be the most heavily contaminated and will be investigated and remedied over the long term (clean-up work). The Environmental Protection Agency looks for those responsible for the release of dangerous substances into the environment (polluters) and either forces them to clean up the sites, or they can do the cleanup themselves with the Superfund (a trust fund) and try to recoup these costs from the Those responsible by settlement or other legal means.