Robotic governance

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Robotic Governance (German: Principles of Robotics) describes the regulatory framework for responsible research, development, implementation and handling increasingly intelligent and autonomously acting machines.

Similar to the ideas of corporate governance , technology governance or IT governance , which describe the framework for managing companies or the alignment of a global IT infrastructure, robotic governance seeks the effects of robotics , automation technology and artificial intelligence on society in a holistic, to describe and weigh up from a global perspective and to make recommendations for action in the form of a Robot Manifesto. This project is pursued by the non-profit, internationally operating Robotic Governance Foundation.

Robotic governance follows an ethical discourse approach: representatives of all interest groups involved, etc. a. Research, society, religion, politics, industry, trade unions, ... are involved in order to reach a common consensus. This is then published in the form of rules, the so-called Robot Manifesto, and forms the framework for self-regulation with which the research, development and marketing of autonomous, AI-supported, automated systems can be regulated.

Similar to child labor and the sustainable production of IT devices, self-regulation in this form is based on increasing opportunity costs . The more a topic is present in the public eye and the more the broader public focuses on responsible handling, e.g. B. pushes with a technology, the more expensive it becomes for a company to cover up a grievance with marketing measures. From a certain point in time it is more profitable for a company or an institute to invest in sustainable technology, since the costs for doing so are lower than the compensation through other measures.

history

The idea of ​​regulating ethical norms for intelligent machines has its roots in the abstract preoccupation with the behavioral norms of intelligent machines in science fiction literature. The discussion of the ethics of man-made, intelligent beings is even older . The first traditional references can be found, for example, in Ovid's Metamorphoses (around the birth of Christ) in the story Pygmalion , the Jewish golem mysticism (12th century) and the late medieval idea of ​​the homunculus (Latin for 'little man'), which arises from alchemy .

In essence, these literary works deal with the philosophical question of what happens when a person presumes to create god-like independently acting and possibly conscious beings, automatons , robots or androids . While the older works primarily the risk of usurpation of the act of creation moralize by man, has Isaac Asimov with his Laws of Robotics (English Three Laws of Robotics ) the first time the need for the restriction and standardization of the freedom of those recognized (then fictional) machines in approach and formulated.

In 1995 at the latest, with the use of drones armed with air-to-ground missiles such as the General Atomics MQ-1 for targeted combat against ground targets and the resulting civilian collateral damage , the discussion about the need for international regulation of remote-controlled, programmed or self-acting machines became part of the moved public awareness. Meanwhile, this discussion concerns the entire complex of topics of programmable, intelligent and / or autonomous machines , drones and automation technology in combination with big data and artificial intelligence . In the recent past, prominent technology and science visionaries such as Stephen Hawking , Elon Musk and Bill Gates have made the topic the subject of public debate and public awareness. With the increasing spread of small, inexpensive systems among commercial and state operators and among private individuals, the topic of regulating robotics is gaining completely new importance in all social dimensions.

Classification of the approach in economic and corporate ethics

The idea of ​​a settlement of conflict situations between companies and stakeholders based on ethical principles can be derived from German economic and corporate ethics , which was mainly shaped by Horst Steinmann , Peter Ulrich and Karl Homann , as well as the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) derive. Business ethics deals primarily with the question of fair economic activity and the application of moral standards, as well as with the moral consequences of economic actions. Business ethics deals with the actions of economic organizations. The discourse ethics is based on that there can be conflicts of interest in business practice again and again that through peaceful discourse should be settled. Dealing with situations where morality and competition are in contradiction to one another is also of great importance in the field of robot ethics .

In terms of discourse ethics, there is a need for substantiated material and procedural norms. Material standards can be implemented, for example, in the form of codes of conduct. An ethics committee would again be an example of the implementation of procedural norms. This restriction should take place in the first instance as part of a voluntary commitment . If a conflict solution is not feasible even then, intervention by associations or politicians is necessary. The advantages of this approach are obvious. On the one hand, the affected stakeholders have a particularly high level of expertise regarding the problem, on the other hand, it can be seen in practice that the legislation repeatedly reaches its limits. In corporate practice, it is often difficult to hold individuals accountable and controls and sanctions are time-consuming. The legislation is also rather sluggish and therefore not always able to cope with the faster advancing technical progress and the many potential individual conflicts that can arise in the field of robotics, automation and artificial intelligence. As part of self-regulation, new problems and questions can be dealt with more quickly, for example due to a newly developed technology.

The assumption of responsibility for sustainable management on the level of companies or individuals, in the form of CSR and corporate citizenship (CC) has become more and more important in recent years. In terms of intergenerational equity and ensuring the quality of life for future generations , many organizations are committed to social and ecological issues. In times of the Internet, immoral behavior by organizations can reach the public even faster and damage their image. In addition, an uncertainty in society can be recognized, which is also reflected in science fiction literature and Hollywood blockbusters. This is why the discussion about the responsible use of technologies is becoming more and more relevant in the field of robot ethics .

Robotic governance closes the gap here by developing solutions to questions that may arise in the course of new developments as well as the use of existing technologies through a discourse of all interest groups involved. The recommendations for action that arise as a result of these efforts offer companies the opportunity to meet their moral responsibility. The same applies to other organizations and interest groups, for example from research and development. The Robotic Governance Foundation proposes to regulate general structural conflicts on a business ethical level in a framework developed in the stakeholder dialogue, the so-called "Robot Manifesto". In addition, the interest groups must be enabled through information to be able to solve situation-specific conflicts in individual cases.

Scientific consideration and reception

The first scientific mention of the term robotic governance can be found in a doctoral project (entry in the doctoral list initially at the Munich Center of Technology of Society - MCTS, then TUM School of Education) at the Technical University of Munich supervised by Klaus Mainzer . Since then, the subject has been the subject of numerous scientific workshops, symposia and conferences. Including u. a. the Symposium Sensor Technologies & the Human Experience 2015, the Robotic Governance Panel of the We Robots 2015 Conference, a keynote at the 10th IEEE International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems (SASO), a Full Day Workshop on Autonomous Technologies and their Societal Impact as part of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Prognostics and Health Management (PHM'16), a keynote at the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Cloud and Autonomic Computing (ICCAC), the FAS * W 2016: IEEE 1st International Workshops on Foundations and Applications of Self * Systems, the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Innovative Business Practices for the Transformation of Societies (IEEE EmergiTech 2016) and the IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC 2016).

Since 2015, the IEEE has even been devoting its own forum to the topic as part of the IEEE / RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IEEE IROS) : The first and second "Annual IEEE IROS Futurist Forum" brought together experts from various disciplines recognized worldwide in 2015 and 2016 together to discuss the future of robotics and the need for regulation. In 2016, the topic was also dealt with in a separate plenary keynote presentation at the IEEE / RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2016) in Daejeon, South Korea.

The website of the Robotic Governance Foundation manages a collection of or links to video statements and interviews with internationally recognized experts from research, business and politics who deal with the topics of robotic governance, responsible use of robotics, automation and artificial intelligence as well as self-regulation for the world the Robotic Natives express. For example, Max Levchin , co-founder and former CTO of PayPal , underlined the need for robotic governance in the question and answer session of his keynote at the South by Southwest (SXSW) Festival 2016 in Austin and referred to statements made by his friend and colleague Elon Musk on the subject. In his keynote at the first IROS Futurist Forum 2015, Gerd Hirzinger , formerly head of the Institute for Robotics and Mechatronics at the German Aerospace Center , showed the possibility that machines could one day be so intelligent that specific modes of action are specifically prevented would have to. On the same podium, Oussama Khatib , Director of the Stanford Robotics Lab, campaigned for intelligent, autonomous machines to be built in such a way that the focus would be on user acceptance. Bernd Liepert, President of euRobotics aisbl - the most important European association of robot researchers and industry, pleaded in his plenary keynote at the IEEE IROS 2015 in Hamburg to establish robotic governance worldwide and wanted a European pioneering role in this debate. Hiroshi Ishiguro , the inventor of the Geminoid (a human-like android ) and head of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory at the University of Osaka , demonstrated at the RoboBusiness Conference 2016 in Odense that technological progress cannot be stopped. It is therefore all the more necessary to take responsibility and think about regulation. At the same conference, Henrik I. Christensen , author of the US Robotics Roadmap of the White House , emphasized the importance of ethical and moral considerations of robotics and that robotic governance is suitable for creating this regulatory framework.

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Dominik Bösl , Martina Bode: Technology Governance . In: IEEE (Ed.): 2016 IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Innovative Business Practices for the Transformation of Societies (EmergiTech) . IEEE Xplore, Mauritius 2016, ISBN 978-1-5090-0706-6 , pp. 421 - 425 , doi : 10.1109 / EmergiTech.2016.7737378 .
  2. ↑ Peter Asaro, Jason Millar, Kristen Thomasen: We Robot 2015 Conference - Robotic Governance Panel. University of Washington School of Law, April 10, 2015, accessed March 7, 2017 .
  3. ↑ a b Dominik Bösl , Bernd Liepert: 4 Robotic Revolutions - proposing a holistic phase model describing future disruptions in the evolution of robotics and automation and the rise of a new Generation 'R' of Robotic Natives . In: IEEE (Ed.): 2016 IEEE / RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) . IEEE Xplore, 2016, ISBN 978-1-5090-3762-9 , ISSN  2153-0866 , pp. 1262 - 1267 , doi : 10.1109 / IROS.2016.7759209 .
  4. ^ Robotic Governance Foundation: Robotic & AI Governance Foundation . In: Robotic & AI Governance . ( roboticgovernance.com [accessed March 10, 2017]).
  5. ^ Rory Cellan-Jones: Stephen Hawking - will AI kill or save humankind? In: BBC News . October 20, 2016 ( bbc.com [accessed March 10, 2017]).
  6. ^ Rory Cellan-Jones: Stephen Hawking warns artificial intelligence could end mankind . In: BBC News . December 2, 2014 ( bbc.com [accessed March 10, 2017]).
  7. ↑ Hakan Tanriverdi, New York: This is how Elon Musk wants to tame artificial intelligence . In: sueddeutsche.de . ISSN  0174-4917 ( sueddeutsche.de [accessed on March 12, 2017]).
  8. ↑ Maya Kosoff: Elon Musk's Advice for Surviving a Robot Takeover . In: The Hive . ( vanityfair.com [accessed March 12, 2017]).
  9. ↑ Elon Musk: If robots take over our jobs, an unconditional basic income is needed . In: t3n News . ( t3n.de [accessed on March 12, 2017]).
  10. ↑ Elon Musk: Become cyborgs or risk humans being turned into robots' pets . In: The Telegraph . ( telegraph.co.uk [accessed March 12, 2017]).
  11. ^ Bill Gates: A Robot in Every Home . In: Scientific American . tape 296 , no. 1 , p. 58–65 , doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican0107-58 ( scientificamerican.com [accessed March 12, 2017]).
  12. ↑ Robots that take people's jobs should pay taxes, says Bill Gates . In: The Telegraph . ( telegraph.co.uk [accessed March 12, 2017]).
  13. ↑ heise online: Bill Gates: Robots are becoming part of everyday life. Retrieved on March 12, 2017 (German).
  14. ^ DE Engadget, Anton Waldt: Bill Gates: Robots should pay taxes. Retrieved March 12, 2017 .
  15. ^ H. Steinmann, A. Löhr: Business Ethics - A Republican Program in Criticism . In: S. Blasche, W. Köhler, P. Rohs (Eds.): Market and Moral. The discussion about business ethics . 1194, p. 145-180 .
  16. ^ K. Homann: Market economy and business ethics . In: S. Blasche, W. Köhler, P. Rohs (Eds.): Market and Moral. The discussion about business ethics . 1994, p. 109-130 .
  17. ↑ Kreikebaum, H .: Fundamentals of Business Ethics . Schäffer-Poeschel Verlag., 1996.
  18. ↑ G. Enderle: Business ethics in becoming. Approaches and problem areas in business ethics . Ed .: Academy of the Diocese of Rottenburg - Stuttgart. 1988, p. 56 .
  19. ↑ T. Rusche: Comments on business ethics on the concepts of Homann, Steinmann and Ulrich . In: T. Busch, D. Böhler, T. Rusche (Eds.): Economy and ethics. Strategies Against Morality? tape 12 . LIT Verlag, Münster 2004, p. 13-19 .
  20. ↑ H. Steinmann, B Oppenrieder: Do we need a business ethic . In: Business Administration . tape 45 , no. 2 , 1985, pp. 170-183 .
  21. ^ H. Steinmann, A. Löhr: Fundamentals of a republican business ethic. A project for the theoretical support of corporate practice . In: D. van Aaken, P. Schreck (Hrsg.): Theories of economic and business ethics . Suhrkamp Verlag, 2015, p. 269-314 .
  22. ↑ Electronic PhD list | DocGS - online portal for doctoral candidates at the Technical University of Munich. Retrieved March 14, 2017 .
  23. ↑ MCTS: PhD. Retrieved March 14, 2017 .
  24. ↑ TUM School of Education: Doctorate. Retrieved March 14, 2017 .
  25. ↑ Chair for Philosophy and Philosophy of Science: Home. Retrieved March 14, 2017 .
  26. ↑ Professor profiles: Mainzer_Klaus. Retrieved March 14, 2017 .
  27. ↑ Chair for Philosophy and Philosophy of Science: Klaus Mainzer. Retrieved March 14, 2017 .
  28. ↑ How does artificial perception change human life? ( innovations-report.de [accessed on March 14, 2017]).
  29. ↑ Chair for Nanoelectronics: Sensor Technologies & Human Experience. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on March 15, 2017 ; accessed on March 14, 2017 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.nano.ei.tum.de
  30. ↑ WeRobot 2015 Panel 3: Robotics governance, with Peter Asaro, Jason Millar, Kirsten Thomasen and David Post | Robohub. Retrieved March 14, 2017 (American English).
  31. ↑ We Robot 2015 - 4th Annual Conference on Robotics, Law & Policy. University of Washington School of Law, accessed March 14, 2017 (American English).
  32. ↑ SASO 2016 - 10th IEEE International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems. IEEE, accessed March 14, 2017 .
  33. ↑ Full Day Workshop on Autonomous Technologies and their Societal Impact at the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Prognostics and Health Management (PHM'16). Retrieved March 14, 2017 .
  34. ↑ PHM 2016 - 2016 IEEE International Conference on Prognostics and Health Management. Retrieved March 14, 2017 .
  35. ↑ 2016 IEEE International Conference on Cloud and Autonomic Computing (ICCAC). Retrieved March 14, 2017 (English).
  36. ↑ FAS * W 2016: IEEE 1st International Workshops on Foundations and Applications of Self * Systems. (PDF) IEEE, October 16, 2016, accessed on March 14, 2017 (English).
  37. ↑ 2016 IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Innovative Business Practices for the Transformation of Societies (IEEE EmergiTech 2016). IEEE, accessed March 14, 2017 .
  38. ↑ IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference - GHTC 2017 |. IEEE, accessed March 14, 2017 .
  39. ^ 1st IEEE IROS Futurist Forum - IEEE / RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems - IROS 2015. (No longer available online.) IEEE, September 30, 2015, archived from the original on March 15, 2017 ; accessed on March 14, 2017 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.iros2015.org
  40. ↑ 2nd IEEE IROS Futurist Forum - IEEE / RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems - IROS2016. IEEE, October 11, 2016, accessed March 14, 2017 .
  41. ↑ Plenaries and Keynotes at IROS2016 - IEEE / RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Retrieved March 14, 2017 (English).
  42. ↑ SXSW: Max Levchin | Unstoppable Trends that are Changing the World | SXSW Interactive 2016. March 13, 2016, accessed March 14, 2017 .
  43. ↑ Robotic Governance: 1st IEEE IROS Futurist Forum - Statement of Prof. Dr. Gerd Hirzinger (TU Munich & DLR). January 12, 2016. Retrieved March 14, 2017 .
  44. ↑ Robotic Governance: 1st IEEE IROS Futurist Forum - Statement of Prof. Dr. Oussama Khatib (Stanford University). January 12, 2016. Retrieved March 14, 2017 .
  45. ^ European Robotics Coordination Action. Retrieved March 14, 2017 .
  46. ↑ Robotic Governance: Dr. Bernd Liepert (President euRobotics aisbl) on Future of Robotics and Society. January 12, 2016. Retrieved March 14, 2017 .
  47. ↑ Robotic Governance: Interview: Hiroshi Ishiguro on Future of Robotics, Robotic Governance and the Impact on Society. February 5, 2017. Retrieved March 14, 2017 .
  48. ↑ A Roadmap for US Robotics 2016 Edition | USA Robotics VO. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on March 15, 2017 ; accessed on March 14, 2017 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / robotics-vo.us
  49. ^ Robotic Governance: Interview: Henrik I. Christensen on Future of Robotics, Impact on Society and Robotic Governance. February 5, 2017. Retrieved March 14, 2017 .