Red iris spider
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Red iris spider ( Micaria fulgens ), female |
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| Micaria fulgens | ||||||||||||
| ( Walckenaer , 1802) |
The red shimmering spider ( Micaria fulgens ), also known as the red or shiny flat-bellied ant spider , is a spider from the flat-bellied spider family (Gnaphosidae). The species is Palaearctic common and one of the most frequent representative of Schiller spiders ( Micaria ).
features
The female of the red iris spider reaches a body length of five to six and the male one of 3.5 to 5.5 millimeters. The red shimmer spider, like all shimmer spiders ( Micaria ), is one of the smaller representatives of the flat-bellied spiders. The basic color of the species is dark brown.
The carapace (back plate of the Prosomas , and front body) at the front has at the area of the end and at the front of Cheliceren (pine mouth) through iridescence to (refraction) metallic red and violet and back gray scales hair.
The femora (legs) of the first and second pair of legs have one bristle on the dorsal side and the femora of the third and fourth pair of legs on the same side have two bristles.
The opisthosoma (abdomen) has three transverse bands that shimmer light gray, purple and blue.
Structure of the sexual organs
The bulbi (male genital organs) have a brief structure. The cymbium (import organ) of a single globe has four bristles.
The epigyne (female sex organ) is characterized by a very broad transverse ridge.
Similar species
The red iris spider may be confused with other species within the genus of iris spiders, from which it can be distinguished by its opisthosoma markings and especially by the iridescent scale hairs.
Occurrence
The distribution area of the red iris spider includes Europe , the Caucasus , Russia (European part to southern Siberia ), Central Asia and China . The species occurs almost everywhere in Europe. It is only missing on some islands and in smaller areas such as in the northern European area of Russia including the double island of Novaya Zemlya and the Kaliningrad Oblast , on Iceland , the British Isles , Belarus , the Republic of Moldova , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Kosovo , the Balearic Islands as well the Mediterranean islands of Sardinia , Corsica , Sicily and Crete , all of Turkey including the European part and Armenia .
Habitats
The red shimmering spider is a xerophilic (dry-loving) species that mainly inhabits sandy habitats with this property, such as dry grasslands . The species can also be found on warm slopes, in scree slopes and on buildings.
Threat and protection
The common iris spider is generally widespread and not rare. In the Red List of Endangered Species of Animals, Plants and Mushrooms in Germany, for example, the Red Schillerspider is classified as " not endangered ", which means that it is not subject to any protection status in Germany . The overall situation of the red shimmering spider is somewhat different in the Czech Republic , where the species is also classified by the IUCN in the category LC ("least concern"), but a decline in populations and thus an increasing endangerment can be noted.
The general population of the red iris spider is not recorded by the IUCN.
Way of life
The red shimmering spider, like all shimmering spiders, is one of the diurnal flat-bellied spiders and, like almost all members of the family, is ground-dwelling. She often walks around on the ground quite nimble. Like other diurnal flat-bellied spiders, she spends the night in a family webbing sack .
Hunting behavior and catch of prey
Like nearly all spiders, also the Red Schiller spider fed exclusively predatory of other arthropods and applies for the typical ground spider hunting schema (see the section " hunting ways " in Article ground spider). So the spider jumps prey easily and then places them with the help of Cheliceren offset poison bite out of action or makes the prey by this and the ground pinned strands and flush defense incapable before then paralyzes the prey by the poison bite and then consumed.
Life cycle
Like other spider species common in temperate climates, the red iris spider also has a life cycle that is divided over the seasons .
Phenology
The activity time of the adult animals of the red shimmering spider includes the period between the months of May and August for both sexes.
Reproduction
As with many other flat-bellied spiders, the mating behavior of the red iris spider has not been researched. Some time after mating , the female makes a disc-shaped egg cocoon that it guards until the young hatch. These develop almost completely into sexually mature individuals in the year of hatching and overwinter in the last stage. Empty snail shells are often assumed to be the place to stay for the winter , although it is not uncommon for several specimens of the species to share a single snail shell.
Systematics
The Red Schillerspider was first described by the author Charles Athanase Walckenaer in 1802, like all spiders back then, in the no longer existing genus Aranea , before it was finally classified under different names by different authors in 1897 by Cornelius Chyzer and Władysław Kulczyński its current name Micaria fulgens was incorporated into the genus of the Schillerspinnen ( Micaria ).
The red shimmering spider is also the type of the genus Micaria .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) at araneae - Spiders of Europe, accessed on July 31, 2020.
- ↑ a b c d e f g Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) at the Wiki der Arachnologische Gesellschaft e. V., accessed on July 31, 2020.
- ↑ a b c d e f g Heiko Bellmann: The cosmos spider guide. Over 400 species in Europe. Kosmos Naturführer, Kosmos (Franckh-Kosmos), 2nd edition, 2016, p. 252, ISBN 978-3-440-14895-2 .
- ↑ Species key of Micaria (Walckenaer, 1802) at araneae - Spiders of Europe, accessed on July 31, 2020.
- ↑ Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) at the Red List Center, accessed on July 31, 2020.
- ↑ Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) from Česká arachnologická společnost (Czech Arachnological Society), accessed on July 31, 2020.
- ↑ Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) at Global Biodiversity Information Facility , accessed on July 31, 2020.
- ↑ a b Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) in the WSC World Spider Catalog , accessed on July 31, 2020.
literature
- Heiko Bellmann: The cosmos spider guide. Over 400 species in Europe. Kosmos Naturführer, Kosmos (Franckh-Kosmos), 2nd edition, 2016, ISBN 978-3-440-14895-2 .
- M. Rezác, A. Kůrka, V. Růžička, P. Heneberg: Red List of Czech spiders: 3rd edition, adjusted according to evidence-based national conservation priorities , Biologia 70, 5th volume, 2015, pp. 645-666.
Web links
- Micaria fulgens in the World Spider Catalog
- Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) at Global Biodiversity Information Facility
- Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) in Fauna Europaea
- Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) at the Red List Center
- Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) at Česká arachnologická společnost (Czech Arachnological Society)
- Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) at araneae - Spiders of Europe
- Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) at the Wiki of the Arachnological Society e. V.