Ruderal hemp

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Ruderal hemp
Ruderal hemp (Cannabis ruderalis)

Ruderal hemp ( Cannabis ruderalis )

Systematics
Rosids
Eurosiden I
Order : Rose-like (rosales)
Family : Hemp plants (Cannabaceae)
Genre : Hemp ( cannabis )
Type : Ruderal hemp
Scientific name
Cannabis ruderalis
Janish.

The ruderal hemp is a plant species Cannabis ruderalis or variety Cannabis sativa var. Spontanea from the genus hemp ( cannabis ) within the hemp family (Cannabaceae).

description

Cannabis ruderalis is an herbaceous plant that can grow to a height of one meter and, in exceptional cases , a maximum of two meters.

In its characteristics, this species overlaps with other species of the form-rich genus cannabis . To distinguish between the types Cannabis sativa (common or real hemp) and Cannabis indica (Indian hemp), a combination of the following features is given:

  • Plant growing upright, unbranched or not very branched at the base;
  • Leaves relatively short, divided into seven or fewer leaflets , the central leaflets lanceolate, neither particularly narrow nor noticeably wide in relation to length.
  • The achenes (nut-like closing fruits) are small and brown in color, often pinched off at the base, their outer cover, the remaining flower cover , is greenish in color with brown spots or patterns.
  • When the fruit is ripe, the fruits are gradually thrown off ( abscission ).

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 20.

Photoperiodism

The main difference between Cannabis ruderalis on the one hand and Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica on the other hand is the flowering cycle, which is not induced by photoperiodism , as is the case with indica and sativa , but by chronological ripening, so that ruderalis plants in usually start to bloom after 21 to 30 days, regardless of the light cycle. The bloom and seeds ripen in about seven weeks.

ingredients

They contain comparatively little tetrahydrocannabinol .

Systematics

The cannabis species Cannabis sativa , Cannabis indica and Cannabis ruderalis

The existence and exact classification in the genus cannabis is controversial . The question of whether the ruderal hemp is its own species or a subspecies or rather a variety of Cannabis sativa could not be answered even by genetic analyzes . The epithet ruderalis comes from the Latin rudus 'rubble'. A ruderal is one that grows in an environment that is inhabited by people and changed.

Ruderal hemp is often referred to as a variety of Cannabis sativa Cannabis sativa var. Spontanea Vav. understood.

In 1924, the Russian botanist Dmitri Janischewski described Cannabis ruderalis as the third species of the genus Cannabis , a classification shared by all Soviet botanists. According to Soviet studies, cannabis comes from the Asian part of Russia. Much of the relevant Soviet literature, however, has not been translated into English. Janischewski described that seeds of cannabis ruderalis are sought out by fire bugs ( Pyrrhocoris apterus ) in search of food and thereby transported, which could ensure their natural spread.

Janischewski's discovery took place in the course of a Soviet agricultural research program that ran from 1920 to the 1930s under the direction of Nikolai Wawilow . Wawilow led a large number of expeditions on several continents, the purpose of which was to gather information that would help identify and understand regions with great biodiversity.

The recognition of cannabis ruderalis as a species is not supported by chemotaxonomic evidence, and no significant differences were found between specimens from Central Asia and Eastern Europe . These results are in line with Wawilow's interpretation that cannabis ruderalis is synonymous with Cannabis sativa var. Spontanea Vav.

Occurrence

In contrast to the primarily as crops significant Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica of ruderal hemp is a wild plant, which itself is not cultivated. However, all tribes of the cannabis genus have preserved numerous game characteristics , land races are only semi-domesticated and can grow wild. In addition, most of the clans can be crossed with one another in a fully fertile manner , which means that it is probable that some of the genes of the cultivated plants in the area of ​​origin of the cultivated plants could be introgressively crossed into the wild populations. Many botanists therefore assume that the actual wild form no longer exists today.

According to the genetic and morphological data, the ruderal hemp is a clan from Central Asia . It grows in the region that the Soviet botanists have identified as the probable original home of the cultivated hemp, in Central Asia, for example between the Altai and Caspi Lakes , in Kazakhstan , in southern Russia and in Azerbaijan . However, wild or overgrown plants in Eastern Europe can hardly be distinguished morphologically.

Cannabis sativa var. Spontanea thrives best in open, poorly vegetated, loose, yet nutrient-rich soils with an adequate water supply. In the natural habitat in Central Asia, ruderal hemp grows partially in depressions and ravines in which the faeces and dung of ungulates are washed together and which are thus naturally fertilized. Cannabis sativa var. Spontanea is, however, particularly typical for the edge of the camp sites of nomadic shepherds , at small woody trees or waste places that are often used as camps. Nikolai Wawilow suspects that Cannabis sativa var. Spontanea could possibly have been abducted from their homeland early as a "camp follower" by humans and could have been domesticated early through the close contact.

use

Main articles: industrial hemp , hemp as a medicine and hemp as an intoxicant

Ruderal hemp is normally not used as a wild plant. The clan, or similar forms that emerged from the rewilding of cultivated clans, appear as weeds in various arable crops.

In the production of cannabis seeds as an intoxicant, breeders take advantage of the chronological maturation of the ruderal hemp. The ruderal hemp is crossed with well-known and highly potent strains of Cannabis sativa and / or C. indica . The resulting new varieties are less productive, but start to bloom automatically after around four weeks, which can be a very desirable trait when growing yourself. The seeds of these plants are marketed under the term "autoflowering" ("automatically flowering").

literature

  • Karl W. Hillig: Genetic evidence for speciation in Cannabis (Cannabaceae). In: Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 52, 2005, p. 161, doi : 10.1007 / s10722-003-4452-y .
  • RC Clark, MD Merlin: Cannabis - Evolution and Ethnobotany. In: University of California Press. 2013, ISBN 9780520270480 ( limited preview in Google Book Search)

Web links

Commons : Ruderal Hemp ( Cannabis ruderalis )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Martin Booth: Cannabis: A History. 2005, p. 3, height in the Google book search
  2. ^ A b c Karl W. Hillig, 2005: A multivariate analysis of phenotypic variation in Cannabis. Chapter 3 in Karl W. Hillig: A Systematic Investigation in Cannabis. Thesis for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Biology, Indiana University, March 2005. doi : 10.13140 / RG.2.1.2648.3680 .
  3. ^ Richard Evans Schultes, William M. Klein, Timothy Plowman, Tom E. Lockwood: Cannabis: an example of taxonomic neglect. In: Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University , Volume 23, Issue 9, 1974, pp. 337-367. JSTOR 41762285
  4. ↑ a b c D. Gloss: An Overview of Products and Bias in Research. In: Neurotherapeutics: the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics. Volume 12, number 4, October 2015, pp. 731–734, doi : 10.1007 / s13311-015-0370-x , PMID 26202343 , PMC 4604179 (free full text).
  5. ^ Peter Stafford: Psychedelics Encyclopedia. Ronin Publishing, 2013, ISBN 978-1-579-51169-2 , p. 159.
  6. ^ Karl W. Hillig, Paul G. Mahlberg: A chemotaxonomic analysis of cannabinoid variation in Cannabis (Cannabaceae). In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 91, Issue 6, 2004, pp. 966-975. doi : 10.3732 / ajb.91.6.966
  7. ↑ Andrei Oişteanu: drug in the Romanian culture: history, religion and literature. 2013, p. 49, (PDF) .
  8. ^ A b Karl W. Hillig: Genetic evidence for speciation in Cannabis (Cannabaceae). In: Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. Volume 52, 2005, p. 161, doi : 10.1007 / s10722-003-4452-y .
  9. ^ A b R. C. Clark, MD Merlin: Cannabis - Evolution and Ethnobotany. In: University of California Press. 2013, ISBN 9780520270480 PDF ( Memento of the original dated January 2, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / themodern.farm
  10. ↑ Janischewski, quoted in according to NI Vavilov: Origin and Geography of Cultivated Plants. Cambridge University Press, 2009 ISBN 9780521111591 translated from Russion by Doris Love. on p. 110
  11. ↑ KW Hillig, PG Mahlberg: A chemotaxonomic Analysis of Canabinoid Variation in Cannabis (Cannabaceae). In: American Journal of Botany. Volume 91, 2004, pp. 966-975. PDF ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.finola.fi
  12. ↑ Ernest Small: Evolution and Classification of Cannabis sativa (Marijuana, Hemp) in Relation to Human Utilization. In: The Botanical Review. Volume 81, 2015, p. 189, doi : 10.1007 / s12229-015-9157-3 .
  13. ↑ NI Vavilov: Origin and Geography of Cultivated Plants. Cambridge University Press, 2009 ISBN 9780521111591 translated from Russion by Doris Love. on p. 116