Hemp (type)
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Hemp ( Cannabis sativa ) |
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The ordinary or real hemp ( Cannabis sativa ) is a plant of the genus Cannabis ( cannabis ), within the family of hemp plants (Cannabaceae).
description
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Vegetative characteristics
Hemp is a mostly dioecious year , herbaceous plant . In nature the plants reach a maximum height of four meters, but some varieties can also grow over six meters high. There are larger, but less robust, male and female plants. It is a monocarpic plant with a vegetation period of 90–105 days. This means that the plant will die off after the flowering period.
The hemp plant has a well developed taproot with numerous side roots. The main root can reach a length of up to two and a half meters, depending on the nature of the soil, the secondary roots are a maximum of 60 to 80 centimeters long. It develops to a greater depth and density of roots, especially in loose mineral soil, while it develops much less strongly in more solid soil and develops the greatest root density and mass, especially in the upper area. Further influences on the root depth are the groundwater level, the vegetation density and other cultivation parameters as well as the hemp breed. In addition, due to the shorter vegetation phase, male plants develop less rooting than female plants. Overall, the root mass of fiber hemp varieties represents around eight to nine percent of the total mass of the plant.
The angular, grooved and hairy stems are usually single and upright, in the area of the inflorescence they are branched. The side shoots are densely tomentose.
The alternate leaves are arranged in a petiole and a leaf blade. The petiole is 2 to 7 centimeters, but sometimes over 15 centimeters long. The leaf blade is composed like a palm (palmat). The individual, seated leaflets are lanceolate to linear-lanceolate and 7 to 15 (rarely 3 to 15) centimeters long and half to one and a half (rarely 0.2 to 2) centimeters wide and pointed, the edge is roughly serrated. The underside of the leaves is light green and the upper side is dark green and the leaves are hairy on both sides and with sticky glands on the underside. The stipules are linear.
Generative characteristics
Flowering time is mainly from June to September. The male, paniculate inflorescences are around 25 centimeters long. The nodding flowers hanging from a two to four millimeter long peduncle are yellowish green. The boat-shaped and egg-shaped to lanceolate sepals are two and a half to four millimeters long, membranous and hairy. The petals are missing. The stamens are between half a millimeter to a millimeter long, the large anthers are oblong-round.
The female, sham-eared inflorescences are axillary and stand close together between the leaf-like, yellow bracts and bracts . The flowers are sessile and green in color, the small, thin calyx is close to the elliptical ovary . The flowers are densely enveloped by a spathe-shaped , glandular and hairy bract . The unicameral and upper ovary has two long, filamentous and hairy scar branches . The petals are missing.
The fruit ripens in July. The fruit is a brownish, smooth, fine-veined, ellipsoidal and partly flattened achene with a crusty skin and it reaches lengths of two to five millimeters.
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 20, 40 or 80.
ecology
In Cannabis sativa is a therophytes .
Systematics
Cannabis sativa was first published by Carl von Linné . Whether the Indian hemp ( Cannabis indica ) is a separate species or a subspecies of Cannabis sativa is controversial. This also applies to cannabis ruderalis .
Some authors differentiate between two varieties within the species Cannabis sativa L.
- Cultivated hemp ( Cannabis sativa L. var. Sativa )
- Wild hemp ( Cannabis sativa var. Spontanea Vav. )
use
Hemp is considered one of the oldest useful plants in the world, its history goes back as far as 8,000 years. All parts of the plant are suitable for the production of food.
The hemp fiber is used for the production of ropes, textiles and special paper, but also numerous other products such as insulating materials or natural fiber composites . Shives are produced as a by-product of production . The seeds are used as food and feed, the oils obtained from them are also used as food, but also as cosmetics and as medicinal or technical oils ( hemp oil , essential hemp oil ).
Cannabis sativa is used as an intoxicant just like the other Cannabis indica variety .
Common names
For hemp, there are or existed, in some cases only regionally, other German-language trivial names . The designation often differentiates between female and male plants. The names of the female plants are: Hahn ( Altmark ), the Hänfin, Hanfhahn ( Mark Brandenburg ), Honef ( Transylvania ), Mäsch, Mesch ( Switzerland ), Saatbogen ( Black Forest ), Saathemp ( Lower Weser ), Sehmer (Transylvania) and Tregel ( Graubünden ).
Male plants are or were as Bästling, Bösling ( Austria ), Bast ( St. Gallen near Werdenberg ), Feimlen ( Württemberg ), Femmel (Württemberg, Transylvania), Fimme, Fimmel (Switzerland), Geilhemp, Geilsjehemp, Güstehemp ( East Frisia ) , Hämpinne, Hanfhenne (Mark Brandenburg), gelje Hemp (gelje in the sense of yellow, Fröhripe Hemp, Low German ), Henne (Mark Brandenburg), Maschgelt (St. Gallen near Werdenberg), Pastök ( Salzburg ), Semmelhanf ( Rheinpfalz ), Trigel (St. Gallen in the Rhine Valley ).
In addition, there exist or existed trivial names independent of the gender of the plant, such as Hämp (Altmark), Hanaf ( Old High German ), Hanel (Austria, Pressburg ), Hanif ( Middle High German ), Hannarpe, Hanof, Hanuf (Old High German), Harf ( Tyrol in Etschland ), Hauf (Switzerland), Hemp ( Mecklenburg , Hanover , Low German), Henef (Middle High German), Hennig ( Münsterland , Pomerania ) and Werch ( Bern ).
history
After entire rows of houses burned down in many villages, strict regulations were issued in the 18th century under Count Palatine Karl IV to prevent a fire, which also regulated the proper handling of hemp.
See also
Web links
proof
- Zhengyi Wu, Zhe-Kun Zhou, Bruce Bartholomew: Cannabaceae : Cannabis sativa , p. 75 - online with the same text as the printed work , in: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China. Volume 5: Ulmaceae through Basellaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2003, ISBN 1-930723-27-X .
Individual evidence
Most of the information in this article has been taken from the sources given under references; the following sources are also cited:
- ↑ Giovanni Briosi, Filippo Tognini: Intorno alla anatomia della canapa. Bernardoni di C. Rebeschini, 1894, Tav. V, p. 108, (Italian), online at biodiversitylibrary.org, accessed June 20, 2018.
- ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page 321.
- ↑ Dirk Lachenmeier: Foods containing hemp - a problem? by Dirk W. Lachenmeier, Chemical and Veterinary Investigation Office (PDF; 1.3 MB) www.dirk-lachenmeier.de. Retrieved October 29, 2009.
- ↑ Ivan Bócsa, Michael Karus, Daike Lohmeyer: The hemp cultivation - botany, varieties, cultivation and harvest, markets and product lines. Landwirtschaftsverlag, 2000, ISBN 3-7843-3066-5 , pp. 178-179.
- ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, page 76. ( Internet Archive, San Francisco ).
- ^ Franz-Josef Sehr : The fire extinguishing system in Obertiefenbach from earlier times . In: Yearbook for the Limburg-Weilburg district 1994 . The district committee of the district of Limburg-Weilburg, Limburg 1993, p. 151-153 .