Iodoform deaf

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Iodoform deaf
The iodoform pigeon (Russula turci)

The iodoform pigeon ( Russula turci )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Russulas ( Russula )
Type : Iodoform deaf
Scientific name
Russula turci
Bres.

The iodoform deafness ( Russula turci ) is a fungus from the family of deaf relatives (Russulaceae).

features

Macroscopic features

The hat of the iodoform blubber is 5–8 cm wide. It is arched when young, soon spread out and finally depressed with a recessed center. The hat skin is a little greasy when young, but dries quickly from the edge. When dry, it looks dull-matt and frosted. It is easily removable. The hat is dark purple, cloudy purple to wine red in color. It is darker in the middle than on the edge. But soon the middle fades and then becomes dirty pink-olive to yellowish. The color transitions between the edge and the middle are mostly fluid.

The lamellae are pale yellow when young and intense ocher yellow when ripe. The spore powder is also light yellow to ocher ( IIId-IVa according to Romagnesi). The stem is 4–7 cm high and 0.7–2 cm wide. It is cylindrical to club-shaped and pure white. It is relatively firm when young, but more or less chambered and hollow when it is older, especially at the base.

The meat is whitish, very fragile and tastes mild. A distinct iodoform odor is usually perceptible at the base of the stem - the fungus owes its name to the outdated name of this substance, “iodoform”. The iodoform odor is limited to the base of the stem, but it is not always clearly smell. It is therefore necessary to check several copies. The meat of the hat changes color to salmon pink with FeSO 4 , dark green with guaiac and wine-brown with phenol.

Microscopic features

The 7–9 µm long and 6–8 µm wide spores are broadly elliptical to rounded. They are covered with up to 0.8 µm high, rounded to elongated warts, which are usually connected to one another like a network by fine lines or ridges.

The predominantly 4-spore, club-shaped basidia are 55 (65) µm long and 9–13 µm wide. The not very numerous, spindle-shaped 40–60 µm long and 10–12 µm wide pleurocystids are often constricted at their tips or have a small appendage. The numerous 40–100 µm long and 7–13 µm wide cheilocystidae are cylindrical, club-like to spindle-shaped. Both pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia are stained slightly gray-black with sulfobenzaldehyde and blue with sulfovanillin, at least in the upper area.

The cap skin ( Pileipellis ) consists of short, cylindrical, partly gnarled, 3–5 µm wide, septate and branched hyphae . The hyphae walls are weakly gelatinized, between the hyphae there are cylindrical, two- to multiple-septate, 3.5-9 µm wide and mostly heavily encrusted, easily stainable primordial hyphae , there are no pileocystids ()

Species delimitation

The iodoform blubber can be recognized with relative certainty by the following features: violet hat, light yellow to ocher-colored lamellae and spore powder, mild taste and smell of iodoform in the stem base.

The most difficult to distinguish is the amethyst deafening ( Russula amethystina ). It can hardly be distinguished macroscopically - at least never with certainty. He has a reddish purple hat with occasional pale spots. Its stem base also smells of iodoform. It also occurs in the coniferous forest. Both types can only be differentiated with certainty by their spore ornamentation. The iodoform deafness has small, up to 0.5 µm high warts that are connected like a network, the amethyst deafness has larger (0.7–1 µm) warts that are hardly connected by lines and are often far apart . According to the handbook for mushroom lovers , they should differ macroscopically in that the cap skin of the iodoform deafness does not stain yellow from water droplets.

Quite similar is the equally mild-tasting, rare violet or white-leaved ripe deafblings ( Russula azurea ), which also has a violet cap and occurs in the coniferous forest, preferably under spruce trees. He also has a dull, almost velvety hat skin, but the lamellae and the spore powder are whitish, and there is no iodoform odor. The grooved soft deaf ( Russula nauseosa ) and the pine deaf ( Russula cessans ) from the Tenellae section , both of which have a mild taste, have a purple hat and yellowish to ocher-colored lamellae and occur in the coniferous forest , also have a certain similarity .

Two other species, the humpback hornbill ( R. caerulea ) and the mildly glossy hornbill ( R. nitida ), have three important features in common with the iodoform hornbill, namely the hat color, a similarly colored spore powder and the mild-tasting meat. The humpback deafening is a strict companion to the jaw and has a clearly hunched hat as well as significantly narrower and only weakly encrusted primordial hyphae, while the glossy deafness is associated with birch and has no primordial hyphae in the cap skin, but instead has pileocystids.

Mushroom pickers should take care that they do not accidentally collect the purple-capped lemon- leaved blubber ( Russula sardonia ). It is particularly common in pine forests, has buttery yellow to lemon yellow lamellas and tastes fiery hot. At least eaten raw, the mushroom is poisonous.

ecology

The iodoform deaf ling occurs in coniferous forests, in Germany mainly in pine forests. The Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris ) is also his preferred mycorrhizal partner . But it can also develop mycorrhizas with firs ( Abies ) and spruces ( Picea ). It prefers acidic, sandy soils, but can also occur on limestone soils. It appears in summer, mostly from August, sometimes earlier and can be found until late autumn. Wherever he appears, you can often find him in abundance.

distribution

European countries with evidence of finding of the wolf-blubber.
Legend:
  • Countries with found reports
  • Countries without evidence
  • no data
  • non-European countries

    • The iodoform pigeon is found in North America (USA, Canada), North Africa (Morocco) and Europe. In Germany the Täubling is quite common, according to J. Schaeffer the iodoform Täubling is a mass mushroom of the northern German pine forests. Frequently in Switzerland too.

    Systematics

    Russula turci , the iodoform deaf, and Russula amethystina , the amethyst deaf, are often considered synonymous. However, these are two separate, albeit similar-looking species. In the older literature, however , the epithet amethystina was used as the name for the iodoform deaf.

    Section and subsection

    Together with the Amethyst-Täubling, the iodoform-Täubling is now placed in the Amethystinae section by most systematics . It used to be placed in the Lilacae (Incrustatae) section, as it has many characteristics in common with the representatives of this group - which also includes the hard cinnabar Russula rosea : Mild taste, velvety hat skin, encrusted primordial hyphae .

    Varieties and subspecies

    The iodoform blubber looks so similar to the amethyst blubber that many authors have questioned the species rank of the two species. That is why the amethyst blubber was also described as Russula turci var. Amethystina . However, both types can be clearly separated from each other by their different spore ornamentation. Recent molecular r-DNA analyzes also show that the two species are less related than their macroscopic similarity suggests.
    A variety with consistently yellow hat skin has also been described Russula turci var. Gilva Einhellinger (1985).

    meaning

    The iodoform blubber is edible, but not very tasty.

    literature

    • Hans E. Laux (ed.): The Cosmos PilzAtlas . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-10622-5 , p. 188 .

    Web links

    Commons : Jodoform-Täubling ( Russula turci )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ a b c Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , p. 60 .
    2. ↑ a b c d Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 246.
    3. ^ Roger Phillips: Russula turci. (No longer available online.) In: rogersmushrooms.com. RogersMushrooms website, archived from the original on April 2, 2015 ; accessed on May 6, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rogersmushrooms.com
    4. ↑ Species description by Russula turci In: Singer: Monograph of the genus Russula. In: A. Pascher (Ed.): Supplements to the Botanisches Centralblatt. 1932, p. 246f.
    5. ^ Edmund Michael, Bruno Hennig, Hanns Kreisel: Handbook for mushroom friends. Volume five: Agaric mushrooms - milk lice and deaf lions. 2nd Edition. Fischer, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-437-30350-3 . P. 304
    6. ↑ a b Russula turci in the PilzOek database. In: pilzoek.de. Retrieved August 21, 2011 .
    7. ↑ Hermann Jahn: Mushrooms all around. Park-Verlag, Hamburg 1949. (Reprint 1979: ISBN 3-87429-159-6 .) Online at: Westfälische Pilzbriefe. (PDF; 6.4 MB) No. 260, p. 190.
    8. ↑ Basidiomycota Checklist-Online - Russula torulosa. In: basidiochecklist.info. Retrieved October 9, 2012 .
    9. ↑ Belgian List 2012 - Russula turci. Retrieved on June 9, 2012 (Täubling very rare: Endangered).
    10. ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev & Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 279–282 ( online [PDF; 592 kB ; accessed on August 31, 2011]).
    11. ↑ Z. Tkalcec & A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 293 ( online ).
    12. ^ Estonian eBiodiversity Species description Russula turci. In: elurikkus.ut.ee. Retrieved June 13, 2012 .
    13. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Russula turci. (No longer available online.) In: data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015 ; Retrieved August 21, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
    14. ↑ Mycodiversity studies in selected ecosystems of Greece: II. Macrofungi associated with conifers in the Taygetos Mountain (Peloponnese). In: Mycotaxon . Vol 83, 2002, pp.  97-126 ( online ).
    15. ^ Petkovski S .: National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia . Skopje 2009.
    16. ↑ Gordana Kasom & Mitko Karadelev: Survey of the family Russulaceae (Agaricomycetes, Fungi) in Montenegro . In: Warsaw Versita (ed.): Acta Botanica Croatica . tape 71 , no. (2) , 2012, ISSN  0365-0588 , p. 1–14 ( online [PDF]). online ( Memento of the original from April 27, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / versita.metapress.com
    17. ↑ Nahuby.sk - Atlas hub - Russula torulosa. In: nahuby.sk. Retrieved October 9, 2012 .
    18. ↑ NMV Verspreidingsatlas | Russula fragilis. In: verspreidingsatlas.nl. Retrieved May 6, 2012 .
    19. ↑ Mushroom Distribution Atlas - Germany. In: Pilzkartierung 2000 Online / brd.pilzkartierung.de. Retrieved October 9, 2012 .
    20. ↑ J. Schäffer: Russula amethystina. Russula monograph. In: Annales Mycologici Volume 31 / cybertruffle.org.uk. 1933, pp. 417-21 , accessed October 9, 2012 .
    21. ↑ Ludwig Beenken: The genus Russula: Investigations into their systematics based on ectomycorrhizae . Dissertation. LMU Munich, Faculty of Biology, 2004. PDF for download .
    22. ^ German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 469.
    23. ^ SL Miller, B. Buyck: Molecular phylogeny of the genus Russula in Europe with a comparison of modern infrageneric classifications. In: Mycol. Res. 106 (3) 2002, pp. 259-276.