Grooved soft blubber

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Grooved soft blubber
2011-07-31 Russula nauseosa.jpg

Grooved soft-deaf ( Russula nauseosa )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Russulas ( Russula )
Type : Grooved soft blubber
Scientific name
Russula nauseosa
( Pers. ) Fr.

The Geriefte Soft-Täubling or Colorful Spruce-Täubling ( Russula nauseosa ) is a fungus from the family of the Täubling related . It is a small, fragile blubber with a heavily serrated hat, the color of which varies between pink-violet, purple-brown or greenish. The mild, but not very pleasant-tasting mushroom has yellow lamellae, an ocher-yellow to yolk-orange spore powder and is found predominantly in mountain coniferous forests. By far the most important host tree for the mycorrhizal fungus is the spruce. The species is widespread, but only occurs more frequently in the mountainous regions.

features

Macroscopic features

The hat is 3–5 (–7) cm wide, thin, flatly humped when young, later depressed to funnel-shaped. The hat color varies a lot. The mushroom can be pink-violet to purple-brown, but also yellow-green to olive in color. The middle is usually brownish or olive in color and usually darker than the edge, which is often grooved when young. The hat skin is bare, matt on the edge and sticky shiny only towards the middle. It is wide, almost entirely removable.

The lamellas are attached, bulbous and, at least when old, they are quite distant. They are cream-colored when young, later lively yellow to dirty ocher. The spore powder is yellow to ocher yellow ( IVb according to Romagnesi ).

The whitish stem is 1.5–4 cm long and 0.6 cm thick. It is fragile, finely grooved and veined gray with age. It can also get stained ocher from the base. The stalk meat is full when young, but tender and spongy quickly. In old age the stem is often hollow.

The meat is white and tastes unpleasant and quite hot at first. Young lamellas can sometimes also taste distinctly spicy. The smell is weak or variable and difficult to describe. It is unpleasant, slightly sour to slightly fruity. It is said that it smells similar to the common white pear or pear pear . The meat of the hat turns light pink with iron sulfate , blue-green with guaiac and wine-red with phenol .

Microscopic features

The spores are round to elliptical and measure 7.2–9.7 × 6.1–7.9 µm. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.1–1.3. The ornament is 1.0 (1.2) µm high and consists of thick, thorny warts, the majority of which are isolated and only occasionally connected to one another. The four-pore basidia are club-shaped to bulbous and measure 35–50 × 11–15 µm. In addition to the basidia, there are not too many spindle-shaped, 50–70 µm high and 9–12 µm wide pleurocystids and on the lamellar edges spindle-shaped and often constricted cheilocystids . These can sometimes have an appendage at their tip and measure 35–62 × 7–9 µm. The content of the cystides turns a pale gray-black in sulfobenzaldehyde.

The cap skin consists of cylindrical, sometimes somewhat gnarled, hair-like hyphae that taper towards the tip or have slightly club-headed ends. They are 2–3.5 µm wide and partly branched and septate. Between the hyphae there are cylindrical to clubbed and mostly septate Pileocystiden , which are 3–9 µm wide and also colored with sulfobenzaldehyde.

Species delimitation

Since the hat of the serrated soft-deaf can be colored very differently, there is a whole range of deaf that grow in comparable locations and can develop very similar fruiting bodies. They include the hollow-stemmed deafness ( Russula cavipes ), the mild wax deafness ( Russula puellaris ) or the iodoform deafness ( Russula turci ). The flesh of the hollow-stemmed blubber has a distinctly pungent taste and turns pinkish-red with KOH , a reaction that otherwise only occurs in the lemon- leaved blubber ( Russula sardonia ). The other two species also have mild meat, but the iodoform deafness is easy to recognize by its iodoform odor and also has primordial hyphae in its cap skin and the mild wax deafness has strongly yellowing flesh and a significantly lighter spore powder.

It is much more difficult to differentiate between the pine-soft deafblings ( Russula cessans ) and the larch-soft deafblings ( Russula laricina ), both of which are very closely related species. In contrast to the grooved soft deaf, which is usually bound to spruce, the pine soft deaf can be found on acidic, dry to moderately fresh soils in pines. In addition, its fruiting bodies appear much later in the year. A reliable differentiation is only possible with a microscope. The pine soft Täuzbling has more burr to reticulate ornamented spores and its semicircular warts are a maximum of 1 µm high. The grooved soft deaf has isolated spines that are well over 1 µm long. The larch soft deaf, on the other hand, has a more or less burr-like, often pearl-like, but never net-like spore ornamentation, and its spores are slightly smaller. The species, which is very rare in Germany, grows in similar locations, but mostly with larches.

ecology

The deafblings, like all deafblings, is a mycorrhizal fungus that forms a symbiotic partnership with spruce in particular . Firs or other conifers can rarely serve as hosts.

The Täubling occurs in spruce-beech, spruce-fir and spruce forests as well as in spruce forests. Occasionally it can also be found in alluvial forests, on the edges of low moors or on forest paths. The Taubling likes fresh to moist, slightly acidic to alkaline soils. The species is relatively nitrogen tolerant.

The fruiting bodies appear relatively early, as early as June you can find them in coniferous litter, moss or gaps in grass. They grow into November.

distribution

European countries with evidence of finding of the grooved soft-deaf.
Legend:
  • Countries with found reports
  • Countries without evidence
  • no data
  • non-European countries

    • The grooved soft deaf is distributed across almost three climate zones. It can be found in the sub- meridional climate zone , with a Mediterranean climate , to the boreal one , with a cool, temperate climate. It is common in North Asia (Caucasus, Siberia, Russia-Far East) and Europe.

    In Germany, the species is rare in the northern lowlands and the Upper Rhine lowlands, scattered in the hill country and moderately to locally widespread in the mountainous country. In Switzerland, Austria and Liechtenstein, the Geriefte Soft-Täubling is quite common in montane spruce forests. In Austria the Täubling can be found at a maximum height of 2000 m and in Liechtenstein between 700 and 1800 m, in Switzerland the highest location is at 2180 m and in South Tyrol it was found at an altitude of approx. 1500 m. ü. M. proven.

    Systematics

    Inquiry systematics

    The grooved soft-deaf is the type of the subsection Laricinae , which is subordinate to the section Tenellae . The representatives of the subsection are small to medium-sized deafblings, which mostly have reddish to purple colored hats, yellow spore powder and a mild to slightly pungent taste. All species enter into a symbiosis exclusively with conifers.

    Forms and varieties

    Since the Geriefte Soft-Täubling can be very variable in color, it is not surprising that numerous forms and varieties have been described. According to GJ Krieglsteiner, however, these are of no systematic relevance.

    variety author description
    Russula nauseosa var. Albida Singer Almost like the type, but the hat color is almost entirely white.
    Russula nauseosa var. Flavida Cooke Almost like the type, but with a yellowish, olive-colored hat.
    Russula nauseosa f. xanthophaea ( Boud. ) Singer Almost like the type, but with a brown hat or olive or sepia brown with a darker hat center.
    Russula nauseosa var. Striatella Jul.Schäff . ex Moënne-Locc. Almost like the type, but with a lighter colored hat and a heavily serrated brim.

    meaning

    The grooved ripe deaf is considered edible, but is of inferior quality. If nouns are omens, you should better stay away from this fungus, because nauseosa translates as nausea.

    literature

    • Russula nauseosa. In: Russula database. CBS Fungal Biodiversity Center, accessed March 31, 2011 .
    • Henri Romagnesi : Les Russules d'Europe et d'Afrique du Nord . essai sur la valeur taxinomique et specifique des caractères morphologiques et microchimiques des spores et des revêtements. Bordas, Paris 1967, p. 656 ( mycobank.org [accessed November 17, 2014]).
    • J. Schäffer : Russula monograph . In: Annales Mycologici . tape 31 , 1933, pp. 409-412 ( cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber [accessed November 17, 2014]).
    • Rolf Singer : Monograph of the genus Russula . In: A. Pascher (Ed.): Supplements to the Botanisches Centralblatt . tape 49 , 1932, pp. 262-264 (on- line ).

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ Marcel Bon : Parey's book of mushrooms . Kosmos, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp.  62 (English: The mushrooms and tools of Britain and Northwestern Europe . Translated by Till R. Lohmeyer).
    2. ↑ a b c German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 513.
    3. ↑ a b Monographic Key to European Russulas (1988). (PDF; 1.4 MB) (No longer available online.) In: English translation by M. Bons Russula-Schlüssel :. The Russulales Website, p. 55 , archived from the original on July 28, 2010 ; accessed on March 31, 2011 .
    4. ↑ a b c d e Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 209.
    5. ^ Roger Phillips: Russula nauseosa. (No longer available online.) Rogers Mushrooms, archived from the original on November 29, 2014 ; accessed on March 31, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rogersmushrooms.com
    6. ^ Alfred Einhellinger: The genus Russula in Bavaria . In: Bibliotheca Mycologica . 3. Edition. tape 112 . Berlin / Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-443-59056-X , p. 128 .
    7. ↑ Basidiomycota Checklist-Online - Russula nauseosa. In: basidiochecklist.info. Retrieved September 27, 2012 .
    8. ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev & Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 279–282 ( online [PDF; 592 kB ; accessed on August 31, 2011]).
    9. ^ Estonian eBiodiversity Species description Russula nauseosa. In: elurikkus.ut.ee. Retrieved June 13, 2012 .
    10. ↑ Pertti Salo, Tuomo Niemelä, Ulla Nummela-Salo: SY769 Suomen helttasienten ja tattien ekologia, levinneisyys ja uhanalaisuus . Finnish lamellar and tube mushrooms: ecology, distribution and threat status. Ed .: Esteri Ohenoja. 2005, ISBN 952-11-1997-7 ( ymparisto.fi [PDF]).
    11. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Russula nauseosa. (No longer available online.) In: data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016 ; Retrieved August 21, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
    12. ↑ DM Dimou, GI Zervakis & E. Polemis: Mycodiversity studies in selected ecosystems of Greece: 4. (PDF; 599 kB) Macrofungi from Abies cephalonica forests and other intermixed tree species (Oxya Mt., central Greece). In: Mycotaxon 104 / mycotaxon.com. 2008, pp. 39–42 , accessed on August 22, 2011 .
    13. ^ Petkovski S .: National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia . Skopje 2009.
    14. ↑ Russula nauseosa in the PilzOek database. In: pilzoek.de. Retrieved August 21, 2011 .
    15. ^ TV Andrianova et al .: Russula nauseosa. Fungi of Ukraine. (No longer available online.) In: cybertruffle.org.uk. 2006, archived from the original on November 27, 2015 ; accessed on May 3, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
    16. ↑ NMV Verspreidingsatlas online: Russula nauseosa. In: verspreidingsatlas.nl. Retrieved September 27, 2012 .
    17. ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed on November 17, 2014 .
    18. ↑ Jean-Pierre Prongué, Rudolf Wiederin, Brigitte Wolf: The fungi of the Principality of Liechtenstein . In: Natural history research in the Principality of Liechtenstein . Vol. 21. Vaduz 2004 ( online [PDF]).
    19. ↑ Distribution atlas of mushrooms in Switzerland. (No longer available online.) In: wsl.ch. Federal Research Institute for Forests, Snow and Landscape WSL, archived from the original on October 15, 2012 ; Retrieved November 17, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wsl.ch
    20. ↑ H. Schatz, T. Wilhalm: Day of Species Diversity 2012 in Ridnaun . In: Gredleriana . tape 13 , 2013, p. 139-194 .

    Web links

    Commons : Grooved soft-deaf ( Russula nauseosa )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files