Lemon-leaved blubber

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Lemon-leaved blubber
The lemon-leaved blubber (Russula sardonia)

The lemon- leaved blubber ( Russula sardonia )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Russulas ( Russula )
Type : Lemon-leaved blubber
Scientific name
Russula sardonia
Fr.

The lemon- leaved blubber ( Russula sardonia , Syn .: Russula drimeia ) is a type of mushroom from the family of the blubber relatives (Russulaceae). It is a medium-sized, firm-fleshed blubber with a purple-violet hat and vivid lemon-yellow lamellae. Its spore powder is cream to pale ocher in color. It tastes very hot and occurs from summer to autumn under pine trees on acidic soils. Other names for this mushroom are teardrops and drunkards . It is called tear-deadening because its lamellae are able to secrete water droplets when it is damp, which then look like tears. The term drunkard nose goes back to its violet-red overflowing stem. The species attribute ( epithet ) sardonia , derived from the Greek, means bitter or spicy.

features

Macroscopic features

The hat is 4–10 cm wide. It is usually purple-red to purple in color, can also be brownish or completely olive-green to yellowish. Usually it is colored darker to almost black towards the middle. The hat is convex when young, then expanded and depressed when old. Sometimes it can also have a flat hump. The hat skin is initially sticky and feels dry and greasy.

The lamellae are initially lemon yellow, later light ocher yellow. They are attached to the stem to slightly sagging. They are narrow, 4–7 mm high, are usually quite dense and are often forked. In damp weather, the lamellas often secrete water droplets. The spore powder is cream to butter yellow.

The stem is 3–8 cm long and 1–2 cm wide. It is smooth and very firm, and also spongy with age. It is cloudy purple-red and frosted.

The lamellae turn pale pink with ammonia . The flesh is whitish to yellowish and pink under the hat skin. It is usually very firm and has a burning spicy taste. The smell is fruity and fruity. The hat meat reacts with FeSO 4 salmon pink and with guaiac green. Phenol turns the meat reddish red and ammonia a salmon pink.

Microscopic features

The spores are round to broadly elliptical and 7–9 µm long and 6–8 µm wide. The short-prickly to frustoconical warts are up to 0.5 µm high and are connected by ridges or fine lines to form a poorly developed network. The 38–52 µm long and 10–11 µm wide basidia are club-shaped to bulbous and each have four sterigms.

The 38–100 µm long and 6–11 µm wide cheilocystidia are mostly spindle-shaped and appendiculated at the tip, that is, they have a small appendage. The 55–130 µm long and 7–12 µm wide pleurocystids look similar. All cystides are unseptic and numerous. They turn gray-black with sulfobenzaldehyde and react just as strongly with sulfovanillin.

The cap skin consists of cylindrical to somewhat heady, partly wavy hair-like hyphae 2.5–4 µm wide . The walls of the hyphae are weakly gelatinized. Between the hyphae there are cylindrical, partially septate and constricted pileocystids at the top . These are 3–5 µm wide and, like the cystides of the lamellae, are stained gray-black with sulfobenzaldehyde.

Species delimitation

The closely related and just as pungent-tasting gooseberry blubber ( Russula queletii ) also grows in coniferous forests, but preferably under spruce trees ( Picea ). It smells pleasantly fruity with a clear hint of gooseberry compote. His hat is usually lighter and purple-red in color. It is less firm, has whitish pale lamellae and isolated warty spores.

The very rare wolf's blubber ( Russula torulosa ) also grows in pine forests. It smells strongly of raw apple and tastes less spicy. It always has whitish to cream-colored, never lemon-yellow lamellae; its NH4 reaction to meat and lamellas is negative. He also has wider pileocystids.

The iodoform deaf ( Russula turci ) also grows in the pine forest, often together with the lemon-leaved deaf. It is similar in the color of the hat - but you can recognize it immediately by the soft flesh, the ocher-yellow lamellae and the white stem, which smells of iodoform at the base . It tastes mild and is edible.

Another similar Bluebird is the Insidious Bluebird . It is also a coniferous forest mushroom that grows in both spruce and pine trees. Its fruit bodies have a typical cedar wood odor as well as cream to ocher-colored lamellae and ocher-colored spore powder.

ecology

The lemon-leaved blubber is a mycorrhizal fungus of the pine tree. It is therefore mostly found in white moss and sage amander sand pine forests, as well as acidic forms of the wintergreen pine steppe forest or in pine forests. The Täubling can also be found under scattered pine trees in acidic mixed oak forests, hornbeam-beech forests and the corresponding hornbeam-oak forests. Occasionally it can also be found in acidic forms of the woodruff beech forest.

The fungus occurs on dry to moderately fresh, acidic, nutrient-poor and largely lime- and nitrogen-free soils. It is found in raw humus to musty, gritty-sandy or loamy soils such as tendrils , regosols , brown and parabrown soils , and podzols .

The fruiting bodies appear singly or gregariously from August to late autumn. The Täubling is usually very common in suitable locations.

distribution

European countries with evidence of finding of the lemon-leaved blubber.
Legend:
  • Countries with found reports
  • Countries without evidence
  • no data
  • non-European countries

    • The lemon-leaved blubber is a Holarctic species that occurs in Asia (Caucasus), the Azores, North America (USA) and Europe. In Europe the species is (sub) meridional to boreal .

    The species is also found in Eastern Europe, but there is no evidence. The Täubling occurs mainly in the flat, hilly and lower mountain regions. Above 800 m asl, the species quickly becomes rare and ultimately remains completely absent in the boreal subalpine zone. Otherwise the lemon-leaved Täubling is quite common in Germany.

    Systematics

    The lemon-leaved blubber got its scientific name in 1838 from the Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries. However, its species was only very imprecisely defined, so that the species soon served as a collective species for a whole range of deaf species. Therefore the species was newly described by MC Cooke as Russula drimeia in 1881 . Rolf Singer also re-describes the species as Russla chrysodacryon 1923. The species Russula emeticiformis described by William Alfonso Murrill in 1938 is probably also a synonym. The form Russula sardonia f. Described by Singer in 1923 . queletii, on the other hand, is a synonym for the gooseberry pigeon .

    Inquiry systematics

    Within the subgenus Eurussula , the lemon- leaved blubber is placed in the Sanguinae section. The section combines medium-sized, mostly meaty species with a sharp taste and cream-ocher-colored spore dust. The hat color is usually reddish to purple. Closely related species are the blood deafblings and the gooseberry deafblings . The very rare wolf-deafling also belongs to this group.

    Varieties

    A number of different forms and varieties have been described:

    variety author description
    Russula sardonia f. viridis Singer The 3–8 (10) cm wide hat is more or less greenish in color or bright yellow-green with a whitish edge. The hat skin is weakly veined and sometimes marbled olive-gray. The stem is white to washed out greenish. The fruiting body can sometimes be completely whitish or more or less bronze in color. The microscopic characteristics and location correspond to the type.
    Russula sardonia var. Pseudorrhodopoda Romagn. Differs from the type by the black-purple hat. The meat and the lamellas are not yellowish and the ammonia reaction is only weak.
    Russula sardonia var. Mellina Melzer Pale yellow to honey yellow blubber with a 9 (12) cm wide hat. The stem has little or no red tinge and is otherwise similar to the type. The flesh has a light lemon yellow tinge. The microscopic properties correspond to the type. The variety often appears together with the type.

    meaning

    The lemon-leaved blubber is slightly poisonous, at least when consumed raw. The symptoms of poisoning are diarrhea, vomiting and intestinal cramps.

    literature

    • Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 74 .
    • Ewald Gerhart (Ed.): Mushrooms . tape 1 : Lamellar fungi, deafblings, milklings and other groups with lamellae . BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, Munich / Vienna / Zurich 1984, ISBN 3-405-12927-3 , p. 273 .
    • H. Romagnesi: Russula sardonia. Les Russules d'Europe et d'Afrique du Nord (1967). In: mycobank.org The Fungal website. Retrieved August 27, 2011 (French).

    Individual evidence

    1. ^ A b Synonyms of Russula sardonia. In: speciesfungorum.org. Index Fungorum, accessed November 21, 2011 .
    2. ↑ Hans E. Laux (Ed.): The Cosmos PilzAtlas . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-10622-5 , p. 186 .
    3. ^ A b Roger Phillips: Mushrooms . Pan MacMillan, 2006, ISBN 0-330-44237-6 , pp. 26 .
    4. ↑ a b c Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 240.
    5. ^ Roger Phillips: Russula sardonia. (No longer available online.) In: rogersmushrooms.com. RogersMushrooms website, archived from the original on April 12, 2016 ; accessed on November 20, 2011 (English).
    6. ^ Regis Courtecuisse, Bernard Duhem: Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and Europe . Harper Collins, 1995, ISBN 0-00-220025-2 .
    7. ↑ a b J. Schäffer: Russula . Russula monograph. In: Annales Mycologici . tape 31 , 1933, pp. 476-479 ( online [accessed November 23, 2011]).
    8. ↑ a b German Josef Krieglsteiner (ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 575.
    9. ↑ a b Russula sardonia in the PilzOek database. In: pilzoek.de. Retrieved August 21, 2011 .
    10. ↑ Basidiomycota Checklist-Online - Russula drimeia. In: basidiochecklist.info. Retrieved October 8, 2012 .
    11. ↑ Belgian Species List 2012 - Russula drimeia. In: species.be. Retrieved June 7, 2012 .
    12. ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev, Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 279–282 ( online [PDF; 592 kB ; accessed on August 31, 2011]).
    13. ↑ Z. Tkalcec, A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia . In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 296 ( online [accessed August 31, 2011]).
    14. ^ Estonian eBiodiversity Species description Russula sardonia. In: elurikkus.ut.ee. Retrieved June 13, 2012 .
    15. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Russula sardonia. (No longer available online.) In: data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013 ; Retrieved August 21, 2011 .
    16. ↑ GI Zervakis, DM Dimou, E. Polemis, M. Karadeley: Mycodiversity studies in selected ecosystems of Greece . II: Macrofungi associated with conifers in the Taygetos Mountain (Peloponnese) . In: Mycotaxon . Vol 83, 2002, pp. 97-126 ( cybertruffle.org.uk ).
    17. ^ S. Petkovski: National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia . Skopje 2009 (English).
    18. ↑ Gordana Kasom, Mitko Karadelev: Survey of the family Russulaceae (Agaricomycetes, Fungi) in Montenegro . In: Warsaw Versita (ed.): Acta Botanica Croatica . tape 71 , no. (2) , 2012, ISSN  0365-0588 , p. 1–14 ( online [PDF]). online ( Memento of the original from April 27, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / versita.metapress.com
    19. ↑ Nahuby.sk - Atlas hub - Russula drimeia. In: nahuby.sk. Retrieved October 8, 2012 .
    20. ^ NMV Verspreidingsatlas online: Russula drimeia. In: verspreidingsatlas.nl. Retrieved October 8, 2012 .
    21. ↑ a b Russula sardonia. (PDF; 1.4 MB) Monographic Key to European Russulas (1988). In: The Russulales website w3.uwyo.edu. Pp. 35,36 , archived from the original on July 28, 2010 ; Retrieved November 21, 2011 (English, translation by M. Bon's Russula key).
    22. ^ A b Rolf Singer: Monograph of the genus Russula . In: A. Pascher (Ed.): Supplements to the Botanisches Centralblatt . tape 49 , 1932, pp. 288-289 (on- line ).
    23. ↑ Russulales News / Russula sardonia f. pseudorrhodopoda. ( Memento from February 18, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ) In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it (Latin original diagnosis ; English)

    Web links

    Commons : Lemon-leaved Deaf ( Russula sardonia )  - Collection of images, videos, and audio files