SASM / GNC transcription

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An SVLK / KGN transcription ( SASM / GNC romanization , also SVLK / KGN / SRK ) is a transcription or transcription convention for a language using a non-Latin writing system into the Latin script from a compilation that is used in the People's Republic China was introduced by the following institutions:

  • the former State Administration of Land Surveying and Cartography (Engl. SASM = State Administration of Surveying and Mapping ), Ch. 国家测绘总局 , after 1982 State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping ( 国家测绘局 ) and 2011 renamed the National Administration for Land Surveying, Cartography and Geographic information ( 国家 测绘 地理 信息 局 )
  • the Committee for Geographical Names ( GNC = Geographical Names Committee ), Chinese 中国 地名 委员会
  • the former writing reform committee (Engl. SRC = Script Reform Committee of the People's Republic of China ), Chinese. 中国文字改革委员会 , 1985 renamed the State Language Commission or national language and characters Working Committee ( 国家语言文字工作委员会 )

This compilation contains transcriptions for Chinese (officially known as Hanyu Pinyin or Pinyin for short ), Mongolian , Tibetan and Uighur , among others . In this context, the 1976 came into force is regulation of phonetic transcription of place names in minority national languages in Hanyu Pinyin letters (Engl. Regulation of Phonetic Transcription in Hanyu Pinyin letters of Place Names in Minority Nationality Languages , chin. 少数民族语地名汉语拼音 字母 音译 转 写法 ) as well as regulations for the writing of personal names with Hanyu-Pinyin letters.

These transcription systems have been used in the People's Republic of China since 1978 for spelling personal names and geographical names in foreign-language texts.

All the schemes except pinyin have a strict form and a broad form, with the broad form being used generally. In the case of pinyin, the tone signs are omitted in practice.

Chinese

Hanyu Pinyin is used for the Romanization of Chinese, the tone characters are omitted in the broad form and set in the strict form.

Mongolian

Scheme

Mongolian IPA SASM / GNC / SRC (wide) SASM / GNC / SRC (strict)
ᠠ ​a​ a a
ᠪ p˭ b b
ᠼ tsʰ c c
ᠳ᠊ ᠳ t˭ d d
ᠡ ​ə​ e e
ᠹ ​f​ f f
ᠭ ᠭ k˭ G G
ᠬ ᠬ ​x​ H H
ᠢ ​i​ i i
ᠵ tʃ˭ j j
ᠺ kʰ k k
ᠯ ​l​ l l
ᠮ ​m​ m m
ᠨ ​n​ n n
ᠥ ​O​ O O
ᠫ pʰ p p
ᠴ tʃʰ q q
ᠷ ​r​ r r
ᠰ ​s​ s s
ᠲ tʰ t t
ᠦ ​u​ u u
ᠸ ​w​ w w
ᠱ ​ʃ​ x x
ᠶ ​j​ y y
ᠽ ts˭ z z
ᠣ ​ɔ​ O O
ᠤ ​ʊ​ u û

Although the Mongolian script is listed in the standard, it is still a phonetic transcription based on the Qahar dialect . So z. B.ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠬᠠᠳᠠ ᠬᠣᠲᠠnot transcribed as Ûlaganhada hôta , but rather Ûlaanhad hôt (strict) or Ulanhad hot (broad).

Although the standard recommends using strict transcription when transcribing place names and using broad transcription in general, strict transcription is rarely used in practice, e.g. B. Hohhot instead of actually Hohhôt . In some cases, the SASM / GNC / SRC transcription of Mongolian is even linked to the Hanyu pinyin , for example Huhhot or Huhehot .

Examples

Mongolian script SASM / GNC / SRC (strict) SASM / GNC / SRC (wide) scientific
economically		 Cyrillic Usual transcription of Cyrillic
ᠬᠥᠬᠡᠬᠣᠲᠠ Hohhôt Hohhot Kökeqota Хөххот Khökhkhot
ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠬᠠᠳᠠ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ Ûlaanhad hôt Ulanhad hot Ulaɣanqada qota Улаанхад хот Ulaankhad khot
ᠡᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ Ereen hôt Eren hot Eriyen qota Эрээн хот Ereen khot
ᠰᠢᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠣᠤᠯ X iliin gôl Xilin gol Sili-yin γoul Шилийн гол Shiliin gol (Shiliyn gol)
ᠠᠯᠠᠱᠠ Alxaa Alxa Alaša Алшаа Alshaa
ᠴᠠᠬᠠᠷ Q ahar Qahar Čaqar Ц ахар Tsakhar
ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ Q agaan Qagan Čaɣan Ц агаан Tsagaan
ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ Qingis Haan Qingis Han Činggis Qaɣan Чингис Хаан Chingis Khaan
ᠪᠠᠷᠭᠠ Cash ag Barag Barɣu Бар га Barga
ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ Bûryad Buryad Buriyad Буриад Buriad
ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠳ Dor b od Dor b od Dörbed Дөр в өд Dör v öd
ᠣᠩᠨᠢᠤᠳ * Ô ng niûd O ng niud Dörbed О н ниуд O n niud

*Own reconstruction using the Mongolian alphabet (please check!).

Characters in red in the strict transcription of the SASM / GNC / SRC and the Cyrillic-Mongolian script are not mutually isomorphic. This can be due to dialectal differences (Chakhar and Khalkha) or different interpretations of the concept phonetically / phonemic. Characters in green in the strict transcription of the SASM / GNC / SRC and traditional Mongolian are not mutually equivalent.

Tibetan

Uighur

The SASM / GNC / SRC transliteration system for the Uyghur language is based on the New Script (commonly known as Yengi Yeziⱪ or Uyghur Pinyin Yëziqi ) since the Uyghur New Script was the official spelling of Uyghur in China at the time.

Scheme

UEY ISO 233 IPA ULY UYY broad strict
ا, ئا ​a​ a a a a
ب ​b​ b b b b
تس tsʰ (ts) c c c
د ​d​ d d d d
ې, ئې ​e​ ë e e ê
ف ​f​ f f f f
گ ​ɡ​ G G G G
خ ​x​ x H H H
ئى, ى ​i​ i i i i
ج ​dʒ​ j j j j
ك kʰ k k k k
ل ​l​ l l l l
م ​m​ m m m m
ن ​n​ n n n n
و, ئو ​O​ O O O O
پ pʰ p p p p
چ tʃʰ ch q q q
ر ​r​ r r r r
س ​s​ s s s s
ت tʰ t t t t
ۇ, ئۇ ​u​ u u u u
ۋ ​v​ w v v v
​w​ w w w
ش ​ʃ​ sh x x x
ي ​j​ y y y y
ز ​z​ z z z z
غ ​ʁ​ gh ƣ G G
ھ ​H​ H ⱨ H H
ق qʰ q ⱪ k k̂
ە, ئە ​ɛ​ e ə a
(e)		 Ä
ۆ, ئۆ ​O​ ö ɵ O ö
ۈ, ئۈ ​y​ ü ü ü ü
ژ ​ʒ​ zh ⱬ y (initial)
j (coda) 		ŷ (Initial)
ĵ (Coda)
ڭ ​ŋ​ ng ng ng ng

Non-SASM / GNC / SRC Transcriptions and Spelling in China

Pinyin-based or Pinyin-influenced

Romanizations such as Bbánlám pìngyīm and Guangdong Romanization , as well as orthographies such as the Zhuang alphabet (1982) and Yengi Yeziⱪ for Uighur ( Uighur Pinyin Yëziqi ) are not SASM / GNC / SRC transcriptions.

Non-SASM / GNC / SRC transcriptions used in China

Non-SASM / GNC / SRC transliterations may be used for teaching purposes in China and are funded for this. For example, libraries in China use Wylie transliteration and scientific transcription to transcribe Tibetan and Mongolian book titles and the library catalog, respectively .

Non-SASM / GNC / SRC transcriptions (eg THDL ), on the other hand, are by no means funded (English: rather not promoted).

Person and place names in languages ​​without SASM / GNC / SRC transcription

For person and place names in languages ​​without SASM / GNC / SRC transcription, the pinyin romanization of their transcription into Chinese characters is used. Eg Xishuangbanna is not transcribed with Sipsongpanna or Sibsongbanna .

However, the Oirat language is transcribed from the corresponding Qahar dialect , as this is officially regarded as a Mongolian dialect by the government of the People's Republic of China.

Remarks

  1. ↑ 国务院 批转 《关于 改用 汉语拼音 方案 作为 我国 人名 地 名罗马 字母 拼写 法 的 统一 规范 的 报告

literature

Web links

Bureaus

U.N.