Sand eels
Sand eels | ||||||||||||
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Mediterranean sandal ( Gymnammodytes cicerelus , above) and Tobias fish ( Ammodytes tobianus , below) |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Ammodytidae | ||||||||||||
Bonaparte , 1832 |
The family of sand eels (Ammodytidae - which means "sand diver" because they dig into the substrate in case of danger) are marine fish from the group of perch relatives (Percomorphaceae). They are an important food for predatory fish such as cod or haddock , and for seabirds such as the puffin .
features
They are small, elongated fish with absent or far forward (throaty) ventral fins . The dorsal fin extends almost the entire length of the body, supported by 40 to 69 fin rays , the anal fin with 14 to 36 fin rays, is half as long, both fins have no hard rays. The caudal fin is forked, pelvic fins are absent, except in the genera Bleekeria and Protammodytes . The lateral line organ is high near the dorsal fin, and there is no swim bladder . What is striking about the protruding mouth (suction snap!) Is that the long ascending premaxillary process with the rostral cartilage represents a separate element here, so that it admittedly pushes the premaxillary forward, but does not participate in its pre-rotation (otherwise known from any spine . The food consists of all movable ones Invertebrates of suitable size and of course (young) fish.
Sand eels grow to be seven to 40 centimeters long.
distribution
More than 30 species of sand eels live in cold and temperate regions of the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian Oceans . The 20 centimeter large Tobias fish ( Ammodytes tobianus ) and the up to 40 centimeter large spotted sand eel ( Hyperoplus lanceolatus ) live on the North and Baltic Sea coasts . In the Mediterranean the 18-centimeter lives Mittelmeersandaal ( Gymnammodytes cicerelus ).
Systematics
The closest relatives of the Ammodytidae are Cheimarrichthys fosteri and the sand perch (Pinguipedidae), as well as the sky- gazers (Uranoscopidae).
- Subfamily Ammodytidae
- Genus Ammodytes Linnaeus, 1758
- American sand eel ( Ammodytes americanus DeKay , 1842 )
- West Atlantic sandeel ( Ammodytes dubius Reinhardt, 1837 )
- Ammodytes heian Orr, Wildes & Kai, 2015
- Pacific sandeel ( Ammodytes hexapterus Pallas , 1814 )
- Ammodytes japonicus Duncker & Mohr, 1939
- Small sand eel ( Ammodytes marinus Raitt, 1934 )
- Ammodytes personatus Girard , 1856
- Tobias fish ( Ammodytes tobianus Linnaeus , 1758 )
- Genus Gymnammodytes Duncker & Mohr, 1935
- Gymnammodytes capensis (Barnard, 1927)
- Mediterranean sandael ( Gymnammodytes cicerelus ( Rafinesque , 1810) )
- Naked sandal ( Gymnammodytes semisquamatus (Jourdain, 1879) )
- Genus Hyperoplus Günther, 1862
- Immaculate great sand eel ( Hyperoplus immaculatus (Corbin, 1950) )
- Spotted great sand eel ( Hyperoplus lanceolatus (Le Sauvage, 1824) )
- Genus Ammodytes Linnaeus, 1758
- Subfamily Bleekeriinae
- Genus Ammodytoides Duncker & Mohr, 1939
- Ammodytoides gilli (Bean, 1895)
- Ammodytoides idai Randall & Earle, 2008
- Ammodytoides kanazawai Shibukawa & Ida, 2013
- Ammodytoides kimurai Ida & Randall, 1993
- Ammodytoides leptus Collette & Randall, 2000
- Ammodytoides praematura Randall & Earle, 2008
- Ammodytoides pylei Randall, Ida & Earle, 1994
- Ammodytoides renniei (Smith, 1957)
- Ammodytoides vagus (McCulloch & Waite, 1916)
- Ammodytoides xanthops Randall & Heemstra, 2008
- Genus Bleekeria Günther, 1862
- Bleekeria estuaria Randall & Ida, 2014
- Bleekeria kallolepis Günther , 1862
- Bleekeria mitsukurii Jordan & Evermann, 1902
- Bleekeria murtii Joshi, Zacharia & Kanthan, 2012
- Bleekeria profunda Randall & Ida, 2014
- Bleekeria viridianguilla (Fowler, 1931)
- Genus Lepidammodytes Ida, Sirimontaporn & Monkolprasit, 1994
- Lepidammodytes macrophthalmus Ida, Sirimontaporn & Monkolprasit, 1994
- Genus Protammodytes Ida, Sirimontaporn & Monkolprasit, 1994
- Protammodytes brachistos Ida, Sirimontaporn & Monkolprasit, 1994
- Protammodytes sarisa (Robins & Böhlke, 1970)
- Protammodytes ventrolineatus Randall & Ida, 2014
- Genus Ammodytoides Duncker & Mohr, 1939
literature
- Joseph S. Nelson : Fishes of the World . John Wiley & Sons, 2006, ISBN 0-471-25031-7 .
- Orr, JW, Wildes, S., Kai, Y., Raring, N., Nakabo, T., Katugin, O. & Guyon, J. (2015): Systematics of North Pacific sand lances of the genus Ammodytes based on molecular and morphological evidence, with the description of a new species from Japan. Fishery Bulletin, 113 (2): 129-156.
Individual evidence
- ↑ H. Kayser: Comparative study on pre-stretching mechanisms of the upper jaw in fish. The structure and function of the jaw and gill apparatus of bony fish of the genera Ammodytes and Callionymus . Zool. Contribution (NF) 7 (1962): 321-446.
- ↑ Ricardo Betancur-R, Edward O. Wiley, Gloria Arratia, Arturo Acero, Nicolas Bailly, Masaki Miya, Guillaume Lecointre and Guillermo Ortí: Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes . BMC Evolutionary Biology, BMC series - July 2017, DOI: 10.1186 / s12862-017-0958-3
- ↑ a b Hitoshi Ida, Pailoj Sirirnontaporn & Supap Monkolpraslt: Comparative Morphology of the Fishes of the Family Ammodytidae, with a Description of Two New Genera and Two New Species. Zoological Studies 33 (4): 251-277 (1994)
Web links
- Sand eels on Fishbase.org (English)