Satoka (village)
| Satoka | |||
| Затока | |||
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| Basic data | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Oblast : | Lviv Oblast | ||
| Rajon : | Javoriv Raion | ||
| Height : | 285 m | ||
| Area : | 0.867 km² | ||
| Residents : | 408 (2004) | ||
| Population density : | 471 inhabitants per km² | ||
| Postcodes : | 81091 | ||
| Area code : | +380 3259 | ||
| Geographic location : | 49 ° 51 ' N , 23 ° 41' E | ||
| KOATUU : | 4625881602 | ||
| Administrative structure : | 2 villages | ||
| Mayor : | Yevhen Tyslyak | ||
| Address: | 81075 с. Великополе | ||
| Statistical information | |||
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Satoka (Ukrainian and Russian Затока , German Ottenhausen , Polish Zatoka ) is a village in Ukraine in the Lviv Oblast , Jaworiw Raion . It is located 27 km west of Lviv and 9 km north of Horodok near the Wereszyka . Together with Welykopole (Великополе) it forms a district council.
history
The German-speaking town of Ottenhausen was founded in 1786 and has 29 Catholic settler families. For this purpose, plots of land 1198 to 1203 in the dimensions of 430.909 yoke + 15.130 yoke, corresponding to a total of 256.71 ha, were assigned to the settlement of the colony from the lordly Wielkopole property.
In 1789 the settlement totaled 648 yokes, which corresponded to a total area of 372.95 hectares. Of these, 496 yokes belonged to the colonists, who were assigned land between 15.7 and 19.6 yokes. Fields and meadows were measured using the mining system. A win is understood to be square pieces of land or arable land that form a unitary area. The entire demarcation was divided into a series of fields within which the individual farms received their strips of parcel. In addition to the individual ownership of the farms, the Hutweide was undivided at the disposal of all colonists.
In the north-west of coniferous and deciduous trees and in the south behind a hill in the middle of meadows by the river Wereszyca , Ottenhausen lay on the edge of large forests. On the outskirts of town there is the Cuniow train station , from which trains run to Lemberg, in the west of the town is the Kamnienobrod station from which the train went to the district town of Grodek (see Lviv – Przemyśl railway line ). Also in the neighboring Ruthenian towns of Dobrostany , Jaryna, Kamnienbrod, Kopanka and Wielkopole settler families, so-called colonists, settled. For Wielkopole, 10 families with 45 people, 24 of them male and 21 female, are attested as settlers on April 30, 1786.
The naming cannot be clearly clarified because the place name Ottenhausen exists several times in Germany, for example near Pforzheim, Paderborn, Erfurt and Saarbrücken. Presumably the hometown of a colonist was called that. The majority of the repatriates come from Saarland, so that it can be assumed with a high degree of probability that Ottenhausen / Saar was the godfather for the naming, especially since this Ottenhausen is only 6 km from Saarbrücken and only 14 km from Kleinblittersdorf, where many of the emigrants come from. lies.
Place form
Ottenhausen was built as a street village. The rows of houses regularly ran on both sides of the street. The house spaces were usually around 30–35 m wide. Only in a few larger settlements have the forms developed in southern Hungary such as: street cross, parallel streets or checkerboard villages been used.
1st settlement period under Maria Theresia / Joseph II.
From the settlement patent of Maria Theresa for foreign traders, artists, manufacturers, professionals and craftsmen on October 1, 1774, Austria began with the urban and, since the settlement patent of Joseph II on September 17, 1781, with the planned settlement of predominantly Palatine, Baden and Württemberg residents , Hessen and settlers from Nahe and Saar. In the summer of 1782, resettlers began to settle in the Sandomir domain. The main focus of the Viennese government was the establishment of model villages, which served the introduction of western economic and social forms. The government's economic program for the new province of Galicia is expressed in the letter from the Vienna Court Chancellery of July 7, 1774 to the Gubernium, based in Lemberg. For example, under Maria Theresa, the first settlement patent from October 1, 1774 was issued for Roman Catholic and Greek-Union traders, artists, manufacturers, professionals and craftsmen. The patent did not cause any migration, however, as the farmers were excluded and the evangelicals were only allowed to settle in cities, and this only in Lemberg, Jaroslau, Zamosc and Zaleszczyki, later Brody and Kasimierz were added. The 2nd settlement patent under Joseph II of September 17, 1781, under which the Protestants not only opened the cities, but also the flat country for peasant settlements and beyond the Warsaw treaty of 1768, the tolerance patent of November 10, 1781 was the Protestants religious toleration pronounced. The settlement took place very often on state or expropriated monastery property. The favorable living conditions and the allocation of a sufficient proportion of the best land, good employment opportunities, tax exemption for many years and military service exemption for 10 years seemed to be an alternative to those wishing to leave Galicia. A total of 14,250 people came to Galicia from June 1782 to January 1786. Including those not recorded by the Vienna Hofkammerarchiv, there will be around 18,000 immigrants who emigrated to Galicia. Of the total number of immigrants, around 15,000 people are recorded by the Vienna Court Chamber, of which about 1/3 were Roman Catholic. Belief. The number of families who left Galicia as new colonists from Vienna can be calculated as around 3,300. The majority of the emigrants, around 2/3, came from Rhineland-Palatinate and the Saarland.
The way of the emigrants
The emigrants from the Palatinate mostly reached Galicia by land via Würzburg / Nuremberg / Donauwörth. In Donauwörth they were transported to Vienna by Austrian officials, or they first reached Ulm by land, where they continued their journey to Vienna in raft-like ships, the so-called Ulmer Schachteln. In Regensburg the emigrants received passports from the imperial envoy. An Ulm box had a simple structure. A house made of boards stood in the middle of the ship. Wooden benches were used to sit. In front of the house there was a platform in front and behind on which the boatmen stood and operated the oars. The journey on the Danube from Ulm to Vienna took about 5 days. The capacity of a box from Ulm could have been up to 250 to 300 people, including luggage. For the boat trip down the Danube one usually paid 1 cruiser per mile and person. That made 1 fl 30 kreuzer per person (1 fl. = Florentine Austrian gulden = 100 kreuzer) to Vienna. In Vienna, all travelers had to report to the court agency, where they were accepted into consignments and received a court pass for the journey through Austria and travel money. At the same time they declared whether they wanted to settle in Galicia or Hungary. The court agency notified the Gubernium in Lemberg, from which the expected arrival and further instructions were given to the Galician district offices and domain administrations. From Vienna the route went via Brno, Olomouc, Mährisch-Neustadt, Opava to Bielitz-Biala. This is where the settlers first stepped on Galician soil. The 400 km to the final destination Ottenhausen took another 15 arduous travel days from Vienna.
2nd settlement period under Franz II.
Many colonists emigrated from Ottenhausen between the 1st settlement period, which ended around 1795, and the 2nd settlement period, between 1802 and 1820, which was probably due to the adverse living conditions.
Under Emperor Franz II there was a new batch of around 480 people for all colonists between the years 1802 and 1803.
Aspirations for autonomy, national development, resettlement 1939/40
Towards autonomy, national development
The peasant subordinate relationship was abolished in 1849. In August 1859, Count Agenor Goluchowski (1812–1875) became Minister of the Interior and State. The decisive turning point came in 1866, when the crown land of Hungary, striving for independence, and the Galician Poles were won by Austria as allies for the maintenance of the entire state. Polish was introduced as the language of instruction in schools in 1867. The only German-language newspaper in Lviv stopped appearing. The laws of December 1867 and the local self-government made it possible for Galicia to have extensive de facto Polish autonomy. With autonomy, economic life began to grow. The population grew from 5.4 million to over 8 million people between 1869 and 1910. The interests of the Poles, who were primarily at home in western Galicia, clashed with those of the Ukrainians (Ruthenians), who made up the majority of the population in the eastern half of Galicia. The state school laws of 1873 brought the elementary schools a complete reorganization and a duplication of schools. The strong population increase created an immense hunger for land that could not be absorbed by the beginning industrialization. Since the growing rural population could neither flow into industry nor into the remaining parts of the monarchy and emigration to the USA and Canada did not begin until the last decade of the 19th century, an overpopulation arose, which was increasingly divided among the much too small Courtyards had to live. Between 1880 and 1890, emigration to America was very high, especially among the Catholic colonies, when the government's efforts to polonize, due to the autonomy of Galicia achieved in 1867, became noticeable. Agriculture was still lagging behind Western countries in terms of yield. One consequence of the rural misery was that there were strong political movements among the peasants in Galicia. The penultimate governor of Galicia, Prof. Michał Bobrzyński , embodied the idea of “careful reforms, but based on the imperial family”. So it was no coincidence that the Galician Poles fought loyally at Austria's side when the war broke out in 1914. At the beginning of the First World War , in September 1914, the people of Ottenhausen had to flee because the Austro-Hungarian army could not withstand the overwhelming Russian forces. On May 18, 1915, the Russian army withdrew. Almost every house in Ottenhausen was set on fire, probably on orders from a higher authority. In September 1915, most of the residents returned to their completely robbed houses. The reconstruction of the Ottenhausen settlement took place from 1916 to 1921 under difficult conditions.
On November 5, 1916, the Central Powers proclaimed the Polish state. The Polish-Soviet War from October 1919 to April 1920 ended with the withdrawal of the Bolsheviks and on March 18, 1921 with the Riga Peace Treaty . Poland received western Ukraine with Galicia and Volynia.
On September 17, 1939, the Soviet occupation of eastern Poland took place . The German-Soviet non-aggression pact became obsolete when the German attack on the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941. Until the beginning of 1944, all formerly Polish areas were under German occupation.
Relocation in 1939/40
Over 15,000 people, divided into around 165 localities, the so-called colonies, emigrated to Galicia from south-west Germany between 1782 and 1805. The big turning point came on August 23, 1939, when the Germans of East Galicia were relocated to the Reich, the so-called "Altreich" and the "Warthegau", due to the treaty concluded between the German Reich and the Soviet Union, the so-called "Hitler-Stalin Pact" . In the secret additional protocol, the Soviet Union and Germany agreed on the division of Poland and the subdivision of East Central Europe into spheres of interest. In the winter of 1939/40, 55,600 resettled people were registered by the local authorities, 34,938 of whom were Protestants and 20,662 Catholics. Around 5% of those who were resettled were resettled in the Altreich. In contrast to the “Reichsdeutsche”, those who were brought into the Reich were referred to as “Volksdeutsche”.
Church affiliation
In the first years after the settlement, Weissenberg and Ottenhausen were looked after by the Roman Catholic rectory in the district town of Grodek-Jagiellonski. Around 1810 Weissenberg became an independent parish, which Ottenhausen joined as a branch church.
Only the early church service took place in the largely Polonized parish after the Polish autonomy of 1867 in German.
School situation
The school conditions of the settler children also left a lot to be desired. The East German Volksblatt of June 5, 1908 reported that 44 German children were attending the Polonized elementary school in Ottenhausen. In many cases the wish was expressed to “reintroduce the German language as the language of instruction”, according to the East German Volksblatt.
Number of inhabitants / houses in the Ottenhausen colony
Jahr Häuser Familien Personen
1786 29 29 140
1811 28 140
1928 120
1934 221
1939 45 220
In 1939, shortly before the settlers were relocated to the Warthegau or the Altreich, there lived in Ottenhausen:
45 deutsche Familien
33 polnische Familien
3 ruthenische Familien
und 2 jüdische Familien
Most of the German families in Ottenhausen owned only a small amount of land in 1939, which was divided as follows:
0 - 5 yoke 15 families 5 - 10 yoke 12 families 10 - 15 yoke 12 families
15 –20 Joch 4 Familien
> 20 Joch 2 Familien
Assuming 5 people / family at a time, 415 inhabitants can be assumed for the village of Ottenhausen.
Web links
- Ottenhausen . In: Filip Sulimierski, Władysław Walewski (eds.): Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich . tape 7 : Netrebka – Perepiat . Walewskiego, Warsaw 1886, p. 763 (Polish, edu.pl ).
swell
- Bredetzky, Samuel , contribution to the colonial system in Europe together with a short description of the German settlements in Galicia, reprinted 1990, Verlag Helmut Scherer, Berlin.
- Heimat Galizien, Ein Gedenkbuch, Vol. I compiled by Dr. Julius Krämer, 1965 Ed .: Aid Committee of the Galician Germans, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt.
- Heimat Galicia, Awakening and New Beginning, Vol. II compiled by Dr. Julius Krämer, 1977 Ed .: Aid Committee of the Galicia Germans, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt.
- Heimat Galizien im Bild, Part III Edited by Josef Lanz and Rudolf Unterschütz, 1983, Ed .: Aid Committee of the Galician Germans, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt.
- Hobler, Ernst & Mohr, Rudolf: 200 years ago from the Palatinate to Galicia Return of the emigrants of our ancestors, 1782–1982 Ed .: Aid Committee of the Galician Germans, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, 1982.
- Kuhn, Walter: The Young German Language Islands in Galicia, Münster, 1930.
- Local repertory of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria with the Grand Duchy of Krakow, based on the census of 1869, reprinted in 1989, Helmut Scherer Verlag, Berlin.
- Rhode, Gotthold : History of Poland, Scientific Book Society Darmstadt, 1980.
- Röskau-Rydel, Isabel, editor: Galizien-Bukowina-Moldau, German history in Eastern Europe, Siedler-Verlag, Berlin 1999.
- Schneider, Ludwig: The colonization work Josef II. In GalizienVerlag S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1939.
- Seefeld, Dr., Fritz, source book on German settlement in Galicia under Emperor Joseph II., Reprinted 1990, Helmut Scherer Verlag, Berlin.
- Zeitweiser of the Galicia Germans, 23rd year, 1982.